Abstract
Arrays of blue (B, 400-500 nm) and red (R, 600-700 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) used for plant growth applications make visual assessment of plants difficult compared to a broad (white, W) spectrum. Although W LEDs are sometimes used in horticultural lighting fixtures, little research has been published using them for sole-source lighting. We grew seedlings of begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) at 20°C under six sole-source LED lighting treatments with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 160 μmol∙m-2∙s-1 using B (peak = 447 nm), green (G, peak = 531 nm), R (peak = 660 nm), and/or mint W (MW, peak = 558 nm) LEDs that emitted 15% B, 59% G, and 26% R plus 6 μmol∙m-2∙s-1 of far-red radiation. The lighting treatments (with percentage from each LED in subscript) were MW100, MW75R25, MW45R55, MW25R75, B15R85, and B20G40R40. At the transplant stage, total leaf area, and fresh and dry weight were similar among treatments in all species. Surprisingly, when petunia seedlings were grown longer (beyond the transplant stage) under sole-source lighting treatments, the primary stem elongated and had flower buds earlier under MW100 and MW75R25 compared to under B15R85. The color rendering index of MW75R25 and MW45R55 were 72, and 77, respectively, which was higher than those of other treatments, which were ≤64. While photosynthetic photon efficacy of B15R85 (2.25 μmol∙J-1) was higher than the W light treatments (1.51-2.13 μmol∙J-1), the dry weight gain per unit electric energy consumption (in g∙kWh-1) of B15R85 was similar to those of MW25R75, MW45R55, and MW75R25 in three species. We conclude that compared to B+R radiation, W radiation had generally similar effects on seedling growth at the same PPFD with similar electric energy consumption, and improved the visual color quality of sole-source lighting.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Total leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight were similar among the six sole-source LED treatments in all four species at the transplant stage.
- Taxon
- begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)
Begonia
Geranium
Petunia ×hybrida
Antirrhinum majuse1 - Treatment
- six sole-source LED lighting treatmentse3
- Outcome
- total leaf area, and fresh and dry weighte2
- Direction
- similare2
- Comparator
- among treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)”
e2“At the transplant stage, total leaf area, and fresh and dry weight were similar among treatments in all species”
e3“under six sole-source LED lighting treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia primary stem elongated more under MW100 and MW75R25 than under B15R85 when seedlings were grown beyond the transplant stage.
- Organ / stage
- primary steme5
- Treatment
- MW100 and MW75R25e5
- Outcome
- primary stem elongatede5
- Direction
- elongatede5
- Qualifier
- beyond the transplant stagee4
- Comparator
- B15R85e5
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PetuniaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e4“petunia seedlings were grown longer (beyond the transplant stage)”
e5“the primary stem elongated and had flower buds earlier under MW100 and MW75R25 compared to under B15R85”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia flower buds appeared earlier under MW100 and MW75R25 than under B15R85.
- Organ / stage
- flower budse5
- Treatment
- MW100 and MW75R25e5
- Outcome
- flower buds earliere5
- Direction
- earliere5
- Comparator
- B15R85e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“petunia seedlings were grown longer (beyond the transplant stage)”
e5“the primary stem elongated and had flower buds earlier under MW100 and MW75R25 compared to under B15R85”
Claim · model-written summary
The color rendering index of MW75R25 and MW45R55 (72 and 77) was higher than that of the other treatments (64 or lower).
- Taxon
- begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)BegoniaGeraniumPetunia ×hybridaAntirrhinum majuse1
- Treatment
- MW75R25 and MW45R55e6
- Outcome
- color rendering indexe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 72, and 77e6
- Comparator
- other treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)”
e6“The color rendering index of MW75R25 and MW45R55 were 72, and 77, respectively, which was higher than those of other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic photon efficacy of B15R85 (2.25 μmol∙J-1) was higher than that of the W light treatments (1.51-2.13 μmol∙J-1).
- Taxon
- begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)BegoniaGeraniumPetunia ×hybridaAntirrhinum majuse1
- Treatment
- B15R85e7
- Outcome
- photosynthetic photon efficacye7
- Direction
- highere7
- Value
- 2.25 μmol∙J-1e7
- Comparator
- the W light treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)”
e7“photosynthetic photon efficacy of B15R85 (2.25 μmol∙J-1) was higher than the W light treatments (1.51-2.13 μmol∙J-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry weight gain per unit electric energy of B15R85 was similar to that of MW25R75, MW45R55 and MW75R25 in three species.
- Taxon
- begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)BegoniaGeraniumPetunia ×hybridaAntirrhinum majuse1
- Treatment
- B15R85e2
- Outcome
- dry weight gain per unit electric energy consumptione2
- Direction
- similare2
- Comparator
- MW25R75, MW45R55, and MW75R25e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)”
e2“the dry weight gain per unit electric energy consumption (in g∙kWh-1) of B15R85 was similar to those of MW25R75, MW45R55, and MW75R25 in three species”
Claim · model-written summary
White radiation had generally similar effects on seedling growth to B+R radiation at the same PPFD.
- Taxon
- begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)BegoniaGeraniumPetunia ×hybridaAntirrhinum majuse1
- Treatment
- W radiatione2
- Outcome
- seedling growthe2
- Direction
- similare2
- Comparator
- B+R radiatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)”
e2“compared to B+R radiation, W radiation had generally similar effects on seedling growth at the same PPFD with similar electric energy consumption, and improved the visual color quality of sole-source lighting”
Claim · model-written summary
White radiation improved the visual color quality of sole-source lighting compared with B+R radiation.
- Taxon
- begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)BegoniaGeraniumPetunia ×hybridaAntirrhinum majuse1
- Treatment
- W radiatione2
- Outcome
- visual color qualitye2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Comparator
- B+R radiatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)”
e2“compared to B+R radiation, W radiation had generally similar effects on seedling growth at the same PPFD with similar electric energy consumption, and improved the visual color quality of sole-source lighting”
Claim · model-written summary
White radiation had similar electric energy consumption to B+R radiation at the same PPFD.
- Taxon
- begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)BegoniaGeraniumPetunia ×hybridaAntirrhinum majuse1
- Treatment
- W radiatione2
- Outcome
- electric energy consumptione2
- Direction
- similare2
- Comparator
- B+R radiatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens), geranium (Pelargonium ×horturum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)”
e2“compared to B+R radiation, W radiation had generally similar effects on seedling growth at the same PPFD with similar electric energy consumption, and improved the visual color quality of sole-source lighting”
The same questions in other papers
radiation · growth · Petunia x hybrida (garden petunia)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
light · growth · Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →light · growth · BegoniaPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →light · growth · GeraniumPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →light · growth · Petunia x hybrida (garden petunia)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →radiation · growth · GeraniumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.