Abstract
We investigated the effect of brief exposure to end-of-day far-red (EOD-FR) light on flowering and stem elongation in certain plants, using FR fluorescent tubes under greenhouse conditions. The effect varied between species. Exposure to EOD-FR light for 15 minutes promoted stem elongation in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. 'Dekmona', 'Sei-elza', and 'Tourmalin', but it had no effect on stem elongation in C. morifolium 'Jimba'. Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted extension growth in Helianthus annuus L. 'Sunrich Orange' and 'Summer Sunrich Pine 45', Antirrhinum majus L. 'Calyon White' and 'Reisen', Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. 'Pink Iron', Bupleurum spp. 'Green Gold', and Dianthus caryophyllus L. 'Barbara'. Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes also promoted flowering in two cultivars each of H. annuus and A. majus and in M. incana, Bupleurum spp., and D. caryophyllus. However, exposure to EOD-FR light had no effect on extension growth or flowering in Gerbera jamesonii Bol. ex Adlam 'Orlando', Zantedeschia spp. 'Crystal Blush', Cosmos bipinnatus cv. 'Miyoshi-no-versailles', and Rosa Hybrid Tea Group 'Bonheur'. Furthermore, exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted stem elongation but delayed flowering in Celosia argentea L. var. cristata (L.) Kuntze 'Delhi Pearl'. Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes had no effect on stem elongation or delayed flowering in Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees 'Selene Pink'. The effect of EOD-FR light on flowering and extension growth showed seasonal variation in C. morifolium 'Dekmona' and 'Sei-elza', 2 cultivars of H. annuus, and C. argentea. These results suggest that EOD-FR light can be applied to the cultivation of plants under greenhouse conditions, although the method of EOD-FR lighting must be optimized for each species.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
15 minutes EOD-FR promoted stem elongation in chrysanthemum Dekmona.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifolium
Chrysanthemum ×morifoliume0 - Material
- Dekmonae0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 15 minutese0
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 15 minutes promoted stem elongation in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. 'Dekmona', 'Sei-elza', and 'Tourmalin'”
Claim · model-written summary
15 minutes EOD-FR promoted stem elongation in chrysanthemum Sei-elza.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume0
- Material
- Sei-elzae0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 15 minutese0
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 15 minutes promoted stem elongation in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. 'Dekmona', 'Sei-elza', and 'Tourmalin'”
Claim · model-written summary
15 minutes EOD-FR promoted stem elongation in chrysanthemum Tourmalin.
- Taxon
- Chrysanthemum morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume0
- Material
- Tourmaline0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 15 minutese0
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 15 minutes promoted stem elongation in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. 'Dekmona', 'Sei-elza', and 'Tourmalin'”
Claim · model-written summary
EOD-FR did not affect stem elongation in chrysanthemum Jimba.
- Taxon
- C. morifoliumChrysanthemum ×morifoliume0
- Material
- Jimbae0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 15 minutese1
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but it had no effect on stem elongation in C. morifolium 'Jimba'”
e1“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 15 minutes”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted extension growth in Helianthus Sunrich Orange.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus
Helianthus annuuse0 - Material
- Sunrich Orangee0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted extension growth in Helianthus annuus L. 'Sunrich Orange' and 'Summer Sunrich Pine 45'”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted extension growth in Helianthus Summer Sunrich Pine 45.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- Summer Sunrich Pine 45e0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted extension growth in Helianthus annuus L. 'Sunrich Orange' and 'Summer Sunrich Pine 45'”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted extension growth in Antirrhinum Calyon White.
- Taxon
- Antirrhinum majus
Antirrhinum majuse1 - Material
- Calyon Whitee1
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted extension growth”
e1“Antirrhinum majus L. 'Calyon White' and 'Reisen'”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted extension growth in Antirrhinum Reisen.
- Taxon
- Antirrhinum majusAntirrhinum majuse1
- Material
- Reisene1
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted extension growth”
e1“Antirrhinum majus L. 'Calyon White' and 'Reisen'”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted extension growth and flowering in Matthiola Pink Iron.
- Taxon
- Matthiola incana
Matthiola incanae1 - Material
- Pink Irone1
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- also promoted floweringe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted extension growth”
e1“Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. 'Pink Iron'”
e2“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes also promoted flowering in two cultivars each of H. annuus and A. majus and in M. incana, Bupleurum spp., and D. caryophyllus”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted extension growth and flowering in Bupleurum Green Gold.
- Material
- Green Golde1
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- also promoted floweringe2
BupleurumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted extension growth”
e1“Bupleurum spp. 'Green Gold'”
e2“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes also promoted flowering in two cultivars each of H. annuus and A. majus and in M. incana, Bupleurum spp., and D. caryophyllus”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted extension growth and flowering in Dianthus Barbara.
- Taxon
- Dianthus caryophyllus
Dianthus caryophylluse1 - Material
- Barbarae1
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- also promoted floweringe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted extension growth”
e1“Dianthus caryophyllus L. 'Barbara'”
e2“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes also promoted flowering in two cultivars each of H. annuus and A. majus and in M. incana, Bupleurum spp., and D. caryophyllus”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted flowering in both tested H. annuus cultivars.
- Taxon
- H. annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- two cultivars eache0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes also promoted flowering in two cultivars each of H. annuus and A. majus”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted flowering in both tested A. majus cultivars.
- Taxon
- A. majusAntirrhinum majuse0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- two cultivars eache0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes also promoted flowering in two cultivars each of H. annuus and A. majus”
Claim · model-written summary
EOD-FR did not affect extension growth or flowering in Gerbera Orlando.
- Taxon
- Gerbera jamesonii
Gerbera jamesoniie0 - Material
- Orlandoe0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR lighte0
- Outcome
- extension growth or floweringe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure to EOD-FR light had no effect on extension growth or flowering in Gerbera jamesonii Bol. ex Adlam 'Orlando'”
Claim · model-written summary
EOD-FR did not affect extension growth or flowering in Zantedeschia Crystal Blush.
- Taxon
- Zantedeschia spp.
Zantedeschiae1 - Material
- Crystal Blushe1
- Treatment
- EOD-FR lighte0
- Outcome
- extension growth or floweringe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure to EOD-FR light had no effect on extension growth or flowering”
e1“Zantedeschia spp. 'Crystal Blush'”
Claim · model-written summary
EOD-FR did not affect extension growth or flowering in Cosmos Miyoshi-no-versailles.
- Taxon
- Cosmos bipinnatus
Cosmos bipinnatuse1 - Material
- Miyoshi-no-versaillese1
- Treatment
- EOD-FR lighte0
- Outcome
- extension growth or floweringe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure to EOD-FR light had no effect on extension growth or flowering”
e1“Cosmos bipinnatus cv. 'Miyoshi-no-versailles'”
Claim · model-written summary
EOD-FR did not affect extension growth or flowering in Rosa Bonheur.
- Taxon
- Rosa Hybrid Tea Groupe1
- Material
- Bonheure1
- Treatment
- EOD-FR lighte0
- Outcome
- extension growth or floweringe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“exposure to EOD-FR light had no effect on extension growth or flowering”
e1“Rosa Hybrid Tea Group 'Bonheur'”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR promoted stem elongation but delayed flowering in Celosia Delhi Pearl; its response also varied seasonally.
- Taxon
- Celosia argentea
_W_IMG_0985.jpg?width=60)
Celosia argenteae0 - Material
- Delhi Pearle0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- stem elongation but delayed floweringe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- seasonal variatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_W_IMG_0985.jpg?width=500)
Schema note from the model: Grouped unvalued results to respect the 20-claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes promoted stem elongation but delayed flowering in Celosia argentea L. var. cristata (L.) Kuntze 'Delhi Pearl'”
e1“The effect of EOD-FR light on flowering and extension growth showed seasonal variation in C. morifolium 'Dekmona' and 'Sei-elza', 2 cultivars of H. annuus, and C. argentea”
Claim · model-written summary
30 minutes EOD-FR had no effect on stem elongation or delayed flowering in Callistephus Selene Pink, as worded in the abstract.
- Taxon
- Callistephus chinensis
_01.jpg?width=60)
Callistephus chinensise0 - Material
- Selene Pinke0
- Treatment
- EOD-FR light for 30 minutese0
- Outcome
- stem elongation or delayed floweringe0
- Qualifier
- had no effect on stem elongation or delayed floweringe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_01.jpg?width=500)
Schema note from the model: Ambiguous coordination of no effect and delayed flowering; grouped under claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to EOD-FR light for 30 minutes had no effect on stem elongation or delayed flowering in Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees 'Selene Pink'”
Claim · model-written summary
Responses varied seasonally in chrysanthemum Dekmona and Sei-elza and two H. annuus cultivars; EOD-FR may be applied in greenhouse cultivation with species-specific optimization.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Outcome
- EOD-FR light can be applied to the cultivation of plantse1
- Qualifier
- must be optimized for each speciese1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse1
Schema note from the model: Seasonal observations and recommendation grouped to respect the claim budget.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of EOD-FR light on flowering and extension growth showed seasonal variation in C. morifolium 'Dekmona' and 'Sei-elza', 2 cultivars of H. annuus, and C. argentea”
e1“EOD-FR light can be applied to the cultivation of plants under greenhouse conditions, although the method of EOD-FR lighting must be optimized for each species”
The same questions in other papers
light · phenology · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
light · growth · ZantedeschiaPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
light · growth · Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
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See all 6 papers →light · growth · Gerbera jamesonii (Transvaal daisy)Positive and negative results
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- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 10 papers →light · growth · Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
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- no effect
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See all 14 papers →light · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
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See all 23 papers →light · growth · Chrysanthemum x morifolium (florist's daisy)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
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See all 31 papers →light · growth · Matthiola incana (common stock)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.