Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BR) regulate plant tolerance to salt stress but the mechanisms underlying are not fully understood. This study was to investigate physiological mechanisms of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR)’s impact on salt stress tolerance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) The grass seedlings were treated with EBR at 0, 10, and 100 nM, and subjected to salt stress (250 mM NaCl). The grass irrigated with regular water without EBR served as the control. Salt stress increased leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced photosynthetic rate (Pn). Exogenous EBR reduced EL and MDA, increased Pn, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance (gs). The EBR applications also alleviated decline of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity when compared to salt treatment alone. Salt stress increased leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin A4 (GA4) content but reduced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyl adenosine (iPA), and salicylic acid (SA). Exogenous EBR at 10 nm and 100 nM increased ABA, and iPA content under salt stress. The EBR treatment at 100 nM also increased leaf IAA, ZR, JA, and SA. In addition, EBR treatments increased leaf proline and ions (K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) content, and reduced Na+/K+ in leaf tissues. The results of this study suggest that EBR treatment may improve salt stress tolerance by increasing the level of selected hormones and antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activity, promoting accumulation of proline and ions (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) in perennial ryegrass.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased leaf electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee1 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced photosynthetic rate (Pn)”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate (Pn)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced photosynthetic rate (Pn)”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous EBR reduced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- Exogenous EBRe0
- Outcome
- EL and MDAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous EBR reduced EL and MDA, increased Pn, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance (gs)”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous EBR increased photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- Exogenous EBRe0
- Outcome
- Pn, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance (gs)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous EBR reduced EL and MDA, increased Pn, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance (gs)”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR alleviated the decline of three antioxidant enzyme activities under salt stress.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- EBR applicationse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitye0
- Direction
- alleviated declinee0
- Comparator
- salt treatment alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The EBR applications also alleviated decline of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity when compared to salt treatment alone”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased leaf ABA and GA4 content.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin A4 (GA4) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin A4 (GA4) content but reduced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyl adenosine (iPA), and salicylic acid (SA)”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced IAA, ZR, iPA, and SA content.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyl adenosine (iPA), and salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin A4 (GA4) content but reduced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyl adenosine (iPA), and salicylic acid (SA)”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both EBR doses increased ABA and iPA under salt stress.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- EBR at 10 nm and 100 nMe0
- Outcome
- ABA, and iPA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous EBR at 10 nm and 100 nM increased ABA, and iPA content under salt stress”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR at 100 nM increased leaf IAA, ZR, JA, and SA.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- EBR treatment at 100 nMe0
- Outcome
- leaf IAA, ZR, JA, and SAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The EBR treatment at 100 nM also increased leaf IAA, ZR, JA, and SA”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR increased leaf proline, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ content.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- EBR treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf proline and ions (K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EBR treatments increased leaf proline and ions (K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) content, and reduced Na+/K+ in leaf tissues”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR reduced leaf Na+/K+.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- EBR treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Na+/K+ in leaf tissuese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EBR treatments increased leaf proline and ions (K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) content, and reduced Na+/K+ in leaf tissues”
e1“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest EBR improves salt tolerance through hormones, antioxidants, proline, and ion accumulation.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- EBR treatmente0
- Outcome
- salt stress tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- increasing the level of selected hormones and antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activity, promoting accumulation of proline and ions (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EBR treatment may improve salt stress tolerance by increasing the level of selected hormones and antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activity, promoting accumulation of proline and ions (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) in perennial ryegrass”
The same questions in other papers
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- positive
24-epi-brassinolide · physiology: osmolytes · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
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24-epi-brassinolide · molecular: metabolites · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
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- positive
24-epi-brassinolide · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
24-epi-brassinolide · physiology: photosynthesis · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salinity · physiology: photosynthesis · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · physiology: hormones · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · physiology: oxidative · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.