Abstract
Salinity stress is a major abiotic stress that affects plant growth and development. Application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) can improve salinity tolerance. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of PGRs effect on growth and physiology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) and alterations of endogenous plant hormone under salinity stress in perennial ryegrass cultivars. The reduced plant height, dry weight and fresh weight, and K+ concentration and increased Na+ concentration were observed in four cultivars of Brightstar SLT, Catalina, Inspire and SR4660ST under both 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl. No obvious PGR effects were found in the plants grown under 100 mM NaCl. Foliar application of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA), abscisic acid (ABA), CaCl2, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), especially 6-BA, GABA and SNP had significantly higher fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll fluoresce and K+ concentration and lower Na+ concentrations under 200 mM NaCl, compared to the plants sprayed with water, but the results varied with PGR and cultivars. Compared to non-stressed plants, 200 mM NaCl increased total soluble protein (TSP) and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in Brightstar SLT and SR4660ST. Application of 6-BA increased CAT and POD activities but decreased TSP in both cultivars, while application of SNP had higher CAT activity in both cultivars and decreased POD activity in SR4600ST under salinity stress, compared to the plants sprayed with water. No obvious effects of GABA application on antioxidant activity were found under salinity stress. Salinity stress (200 mM NaCl) increased zeatin concertation at 5- and 12-d of harvests in SR4660ST, while increased kinetin concentration was found on 1st harvest for SR4660ST and 2nd harvest for Brightstar SLT, compared to their respective non-stress control. Increased indole-3-butyric acid concentration was found in Brightstar SLT and SR4660ST for both harvests under salinity stress, but indole-3-acetic acid content was unaffected. Salinity stress caused 73% reduction of jasmonic acid in Brightstar SLT and 74 % reduction in SR4660ST at 2nd harvest time. Salinity stress also caused 90% reduction of abscisic acid concentration on 1st harvest for Brightstar SLT. The results suggested that alterations of the endogenous hormone could be associated with plant adaption to the salinity stress.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced plant height and fresh and dry weight in four cultivars.
- Treatment
- 100 mM and 200 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- plant height, dry weight and fresh weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The reduced plant height, dry weight and fresh weight, and K+ concentration and increased Na+ concentration were observed in four cultivars of Brightstar SLT, Catalina, Inspire and SR4660ST under both 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced potassium concentration in four cultivars.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The reduced plant height, dry weight and fresh weight, and K+ concentration and increased Na+ concentration were observed in four cultivars of Brightstar SLT, Catalina, Inspire and SR4660ST under both 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased sodium concentration in four cultivars.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The reduced plant height, dry weight and fresh weight, and K+ concentration and increased Na+ concentration were observed in four cultivars of Brightstar SLT, Catalina, Inspire and SR4660ST under both 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
PGRs showed no obvious effects at 100 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Perennial Ryegrass
Lolium perennee0t0 - Outcome
- PGR effectse0
- Direction
- No obviouse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No obvious PGR effects were found in the plants grown under 100 mM NaCl.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar PGR application increased fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence and potassium at 200 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA), abscisic acid (ABA), CaCl2, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll fluoresce and K+ concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- results varied with PGR and cultivarse0
- Comparator
- plants sprayed with watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA), abscisic acid (ABA), CaCl2, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), especially 6-BA, GABA and SNP had significantly higher fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll fluoresce and K+ concentration and lower Na+ concentrations under 200 mM NaCl, compared to the plants sprayed with water, but the results varied with PGR and cultivars.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar PGR application lowered sodium concentrations at 200 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA), abscisic acid (ABA), CaCl2, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Outcome
- Na+ concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- plants sprayed with watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA), abscisic acid (ABA), CaCl2, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), especially 6-BA, GABA and SNP had significantly higher fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll fluoresce and K+ concentration and lower Na+ concentrations under 200 mM NaCl, compared to the plants sprayed with water, but the results varied with PGR and cultivars.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased total soluble protein in Brightstar SLT and SR4660ST.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- total soluble protein (TSP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to non-stressed plants, 200 mM NaCl increased total soluble protein (TSP) and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in Brightstar SLT and SR4660ST.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased SOD, CAT and POD activity in Brightstar SLT and SR4660ST.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- non-stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to non-stressed plants, 200 mM NaCl increased total soluble protein (TSP) and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in Brightstar SLT and SR4660ST.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
6-BA increased CAT and POD activity in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- 6-BAe0
- Outcome
- CAT and POD activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- plants sprayed with watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 6-BA increased CAT and POD activities but decreased TSP in both cultivars, while application of SNP had higher CAT activity in both cultivars and decreased POD activity in SR4600ST under salinity stress, compared to the plants sprayed with water.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
6-BA decreased total soluble protein in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- 6-BAe0
- Outcome
- TSPe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- plants sprayed with watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 6-BA increased CAT and POD activities but decreased TSP in both cultivars, while application of SNP had higher CAT activity in both cultivars and decreased POD activity in SR4600ST under salinity stress, compared to the plants sprayed with water.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP increased CAT activity in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- SNPe0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- plants sprayed with watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of SNP had higher CAT activity in both cultivars and decreased POD activity in SR4600ST under salinity stress, compared to the plants sprayed with water.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP decreased POD activity in SR4600ST under salinity stress.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Material
- SR4600STe0
- Treatment
- SNPe0
- Outcome
- POD activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- plants sprayed with watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of SNP had higher CAT activity in both cultivars and decreased POD activity in SR4600ST under salinity stress, compared to the plants sprayed with water.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA had no obvious effect on antioxidant activity under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- GABA applicatione0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No obvious effects of GABA application on antioxidant activity were found under salinity stress.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased zeatin concentration at 5 and 12 days in SR4660ST.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Material
- SR4660STe0
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- zeatin concertatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress (200 mM NaCl) increased zeatin concertation at 5- and 12-d of harvests in SR4660ST”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased kinetin in SR4660ST at first harvest and Brightstar SLT at second harvest.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- kinetin concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-stress controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress (200 mM NaCl) increased zeatin concertation at 5- and 12-d of harvests in SR4660ST, while increased kinetin concentration was found on 1st harvest for SR4660ST and 2nd harvest for Brightstar SLT, compared to their respective non-stress control.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased indole-3-butyric acid in Brightstar SLT and SR4660ST.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- indole-3-butyric acid concentratione0
- Direction
- Increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased indole-3-butyric acid concentration was found in Brightstar SLT and SR4660ST for both harvests under salinity stress”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole-3-acetic acid content was unaffected by salt stress.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid contente0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indole-3-acetic acid content was unaffected.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced jasmonic acid 73% in Brightstar SLT.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Material
- Brightstar SLTe0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- jasmonic acide0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 73%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress caused 73% reduction of jasmonic acid in Brightstar SLT”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced jasmonic acid 74% in SR4660ST.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Material
- SR4660STe0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- jasmonic acide0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 74 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress caused 73% reduction of jasmonic acid in Brightstar SLT and 74 % reduction in SR4660ST at 2nd harvest time.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced abscisic acid 90% at first harvest in Brightstar SLT.
- Taxon
- Perennial RyegrassLolium perennee0t0
- Material
- Brightstar SLTe0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid concentratione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress also caused 90% reduction of abscisic acid concentration on 1st harvest for Brightstar SLT.”
t0“Perennial Ryegrass”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · physiology: pigments · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
sodium chloride · growth · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →sodium nitroprusside · physiology: pigments · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
sodium nitroprusside · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
application · physiology: pigments · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
salinity · physiology: hormones · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.