Abstract
Salinity stress may involve the accumulation of glycine betaine (GB). The objective of this study was to examine whether exogenous GB would ameliorate the detrimental effect of salinity stress on perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ). The grass was subjected to two salinity levels (0 and 250 m m NaCl) and three GB levels (0, 20, and 50 m m ). Salinity resulted in a remarkable decrease in vertical shoot growth rate (VSGR), shoot and root fresh weight, relative water content (RWC), relative transpiration rate (Tr), and chlorophyll (Chl) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. Plants subjected to salt exhibited an increase in leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and proline content. Application of GB reduced EL, MDA, and proline content in salt-stressed plants. Perennial ryegrass subjected to salt stress plus GB had a greater level of VSGR, RWC, relative Tr, Chl content, and activities of SOD, CAT, and APX when compared with salt-stressed without GB. Salt stress increased Na + and decreased K + content, which resulted in a higher Na + /K + ratio in perennial ryegrass. Application of 20 m m GB suppressed Na + accumulation, whereas the K + content was significantly increased in shoot, which led to a higher K + /Na + ratio under saline conditions. These results suggested that GB-enhanced salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass was mainly related to the elevated SOD, CAT, and APX activity and alleviation of cell membrane damage by reducing oxidation of membrane lipid and improving the ion homeostasis under salt stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt reduced shoot growth and shoot and root fresh weight.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee1 - Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- vertical shoot growth rate (VSGR), shoot and root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- 0e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity resulted in a remarkable decrease in vertical shoot growth rate (VSGR), shoot and root fresh weight”
e1“perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
e2“two salinity levels (0 and 250 m m NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt reduced relative water content, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee2
- Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC), relative transpiration rate (Tr), and chlorophyll (Chl) contente0
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- 0e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative water content (RWC), relative transpiration rate (Tr), and chlorophyll (Chl) content”
e1“Salinity resulted in a remarkable decrease”
e2“perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
e3“two salinity levels (0 and 250 m m NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt reduced SOD, CAT, and APX activities.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee2
- Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- 0e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities”
e1“Salinity resulted in a remarkable decrease”
e2“perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
e3“two salinity levels (0 and 250 m m NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt increased electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and proline content.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- salte0
- Outcome
- leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and proline contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- 0e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants subjected to salt exhibited an increase in leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and proline content”
e1“perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
e2“two salinity levels (0 and 250 m m NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
GB reduced electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and proline content in salt-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee2
- Treatment
- Application of GBe0
- Outcome
- EL, MDA, and proline contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- salt-stressed without GBe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of GB reduced EL, MDA, and proline content in salt-stressed plants”
e1“salt-stressed without GB”
e2“perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
Claim · model-written summary
GB raised shoot growth rate, water content, and relative transpiration under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- salt stress plus GBe0
- Outcome
- VSGR, RWC, relative Tre0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- salt-stressed without GBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Perennial ryegrass subjected to salt stress plus GB had a greater level of VSGR, RWC, relative Tr, Chl content, and activities of SOD, CAT, and APX when compared with salt-stressed without GB”
Claim · model-written summary
GB raised chlorophyll content and SOD, CAT, and APX activity under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- salt stress plus GBe0
- Outcome
- Chl content, and activities of SOD, CAT, and APXe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- salt-stressed without GBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Perennial ryegrass subjected to salt stress plus GB had a greater level of VSGR, RWC, relative Tr, Chl content, and activities of SOD, CAT, and APX when compared with salt-stressed without GB”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt raised Na content and the Na/K ratio.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Na + /K + ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased Na + and decreased K + content, which resulted in a higher Na + /K + ratio in perennial ryegrass”
e1“two salinity levels (0 and 250 m m NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt decreased K content.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- K + contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- 0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased Na + and decreased K + content, which resulted in a higher Na + /K + ratio in perennial ryegrass”
e1“two salinity levels (0 and 250 m m NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline conditions, 20 m m GB suppressed Na accumulation.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee1
- Treatment
- 20 m m GBe0
- Outcome
- Na + accumulatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Comparator
- salt-stressed without GBe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 20 m m GB suppressed Na + accumulation”
e1“perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
e2“salt-stressed without GB”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline conditions, 20 m m GB significantly increased shoot K content.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee2
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- 20 m m GBe1
- Outcome
- K + contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- salt-stressed without GBe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the K + content was significantly increased in shoot”
e1“Application of 20 m m GB”
e2“perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
e3“salt-stressed without GB”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline conditions, GB raised the K/Na ratio.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee2
- Treatment
- 20 m m GBe1
- Outcome
- K + /Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- salt-stressed without GBe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which led to a higher K + /Na + ratio under saline conditions”
e1“Application of 20 m m GB”
e2“perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
e3“salt-stressed without GB”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute GB-enhanced salt tolerance mainly to antioxidant activity, less membrane damage, and improved ion balance.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Outcome
- GB-enhanced salt tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- elevated SOD, CAT, and APX activity and alleviation of cell membrane damage by reducing oxidation of membrane lipid and improving the ion homeostasise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB-enhanced salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass was mainly related to the elevated SOD, CAT, and APX activity and alleviation of cell membrane damage by reducing oxidation of membrane lipid and improving the ion homeostasis under salt stress”
The same questions in other papers
glycine betaine · molecular: metabolites · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
glycine betaine · growth · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
salinity · growth · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →salinity · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
salinity · molecular: metabolites · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
salinity · physiology: water · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
salinity · physiology: oxidative · Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.