Abstract
Three orchard groundcover management systems (GMSs) were established in a newly planted apple ( Malus domestica cvs. Liberty, Nova Easygro, and NY84828-12 on Malling 9 rootstock) orchard on a silty-clay loam soil (Aeric Ochraqualf). The GMSs were applied in 2-m-wide strips within tree rows as follows: 1) a 6-cm-thick mulch layer of composed manure, straw, sawdust, and vegetable plant wastes applied in May 1992 and 1994; 2) a “green manure” cover crop of canola ( Brassica campestris cv. Humus) seeded in mid-August each year and tilled under the following May; and 3) Post-emergence applications of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate) herbicide (2.0 kg a.i./ha) in mid-May and July each year. After 3 years of GMS treatments, apple tree growth and trunk cross-sectional area were similar in all three systems. Fruit yield and yield efficiency were greater in glyphosate and compost than in canola GMSs, and `Liberty' was the most productive cultivar. Topsoil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and organic matter content were all substantially greater in the compost GMS. Leaf N, K, and P concentrations were consistently greater in trees in compost plots; leaf Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentrations were lower in compost GMS. Weed growth was rank and difficult to control in the compost mulch, but this GMS substantially enhanced orchard soil fertility.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed public-domain. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
After 3 years, apple tree growth and trunk cross-sectional area were similar under the three groundcover management systems.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- GMS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- apple tree growth and trunk cross-sectional areae0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“After 3 years of GMS treatments, apple tree growth and trunk cross-sectional area were similar in all three systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple fruit yield and yield efficiency were greater with glyphosate than with the canola groundcover system.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- Fruit yield and yield efficiencye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- canola GMSse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“Fruit yield and yield efficiency were greater in glyphosate and compost than in canola GMSs”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple fruit yield and yield efficiency were greater with compost than with the canola groundcover system.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- composte0
- Outcome
- Fruit yield and yield efficiencye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- canola GMSse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“Fruit yield and yield efficiency were greater in glyphosate and compost than in canola GMSs”
Claim · model-written summary
Liberty was the most productive apple cultivar.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Libertye0
- Outcome
- most productive cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“`Liberty' was the most productive cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
Topsoil N, P and K were substantially greater in the compost groundcover system.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- compost GMSe0
- Outcome
- Topsoil N, P, Ke0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“Topsoil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and organic matter content were all substantially greater in the compost GMS”
Claim · model-written summary
Topsoil Ca, Mg and Zn were substantially greater in the compost groundcover system.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- compost GMSe0
- Outcome
- Ca, Mg, Zne0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“Topsoil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and organic matter content were all substantially greater in the compost GMS”
Claim · model-written summary
Topsoil organic matter content was substantially greater in the compost groundcover system.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- compost GMSe0
- Outcome
- organic matter contente0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“Topsoil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and organic matter content were all substantially greater in the compost GMS”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf N, K and P concentrations were consistently greater in apple trees in compost plots.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- compost plotse0
- Outcome
- Leaf N, K, and P concentrationse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“Leaf N, K, and P concentrations were consistently greater in trees in compost plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Ca, Mg and Cu concentrations were lower in the compost groundcover system.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- compost GMSe0
- Outcome
- leaf Ca, Mg, Cue0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“leaf Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentrations were lower in compost GMS”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Zn concentration was lower in the compost groundcover system.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- compost GMSe0
- Outcome
- Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“leaf Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentrations were lower in compost GMS”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed growth was rank and difficult to control in the compost mulch.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“Weed growth was rank and difficult to control in the compost mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
The compost mulch groundcover system substantially enhanced orchard soil fertility.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- compost mulche0
- Outcome
- orchard soil fertilitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Tree Yield”
e0“Weed growth was rank and difficult to control in the compost mulch, but this GMS substantially enhanced orchard soil fertility”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fertilization · soil: chemistry · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
21 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →fertilization · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
45 papers more in this group
See all 49 papers →fertilization · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
85 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
113 papers more in this group
See all 117 papers →fertilization · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
149 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
174 papers more in this group
See all 178 papers →mulching · soil: chemistry · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.