Abstract
The effects of cropping, nutrition and water supply on accumulation and distribution of biomass and nutrients for apple trees on‘M9’root systems were examined using trees growing in lysimeters. For 3‐year‐old ‘Golden Delicious’ trees, cropping significantly increased total biomass, although leaf and root biomass were reduced. For 3‐year‐old‘Golden Delicious', ‘Coxs Orange’ and ‘Gloster’ trees, cropping only in the third year reduced root biomass by 39 to 45%. Cropping did not affect water use by trees of any cultivar early in the season, but increased water use later in the season for ‘Gloster’ trees. For trees with fruit, total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) contents at the end of the season were highest in fruit (up to 1 400 g plant −1 ). For trees without fruit, TNC contents were generally highest in the roots (up to 110 g planr −1 ). Supplying trees with nutrient solution diluted to 10% of the standard composition increased the root biomass for ‘Golden Delicious’ trees only, but decreased biomass of above‐ground tissues for all cultivars. Reducing the nutrient supply decreased water and nutrient uptake, and reduced nutrient contents within vegetative parts of the tree more than within roots. For ‘Golden Delicious’ trees, restricting the water supply to 50% or 25% of that consumed by control trees significantly reduced above‐ground biomass, but root biomass was not significantly affected. The N, P and K. contents for the trees were also reduced by water stress, due to reduced contents within above‐ground organs. Water stress reduced the TNC and starch contents of all tissues, except the roots. These results are discussed in relation to the efficiency of root systems for water and nutrient uptake.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
In 3-year-old Golden Delicious apple trees on M9 roots, cropping significantly increased total biomass.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- Golden Deliciouse0
- Treatment
- croppinge0
- Outcome
- total biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“Golden Delicious’ trees, cropping significantly increased total biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
In 3-year-old Golden Delicious trees, cropping reduced leaf and root biomass.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse0
- Treatment
- croppinge0
- Outcome
- leaf and root biomasse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“Golden Delicious’ trees, cropping significantly increased total biomass”
e1“although leaf and root biomass were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Cropping only in the third year reduced root biomass by 39 to 45% in 3-year-old Golden Delicious, Coxs Orange and Gloster trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- cropping only in the third yeare0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39 to 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“cropping only in the third year reduced root biomass by 39 to 45%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cropping did not affect water use by trees of any cultivar early in the season.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Croppinge0
- Outcome
- water usee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- early in the seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“Cropping did not affect water use by trees of any cultivar early in the season”
Claim · model-written summary
Cropping increased water use later in the season for Gloster trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Glostere0
- Treatment
- Croppinge0
- Outcome
- water usee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- later in the seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“Cropping did not affect water use by trees of any cultivar early in the season, but increased water use later in the season for ‘Gloster’ trees”
Claim · model-written summary
In trees with fruit, total non-structural carbohydrate contents at the end of the season were highest in fruit.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- contents at the end of the seasone0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“TNC) contents at the end of the season were highest in fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
In trees without fruit, total non-structural carbohydrate contents were generally highest in the roots.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- TNC contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“For trees without fruit, TNC contents were generally highest in the roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient solution diluted to 10% of the standard composition increased root biomass for Golden Delicious trees only.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- nutrient solution diluted to 10% of the standard compositione0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“Supplying trees with nutrient solution diluted to 10% of the standard composition increased the root biomass”
e1“Golden Delicious’ trees only”
Claim · model-written summary
Diluted nutrient solution decreased biomass of above-ground tissues for all cultivars.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- nutrient solution diluted to 10% of the standard compositione0
- Outcome
- biomass of above‐ground tissuese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“Supplying trees with nutrient solution diluted to 10% of the standard composition increased the root biomass”
e1“decreased biomass of above‐ground tissues for all cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing the nutrient supply decreased water and nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Reducing the nutrient supplye0
- Outcome
- water and nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“Reducing the nutrient supply decreased water and nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing the nutrient supply reduced nutrient contents within vegetative parts of the tree more than within roots.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Reducing the nutrient supplye0
- Outcome
- nutrient contentse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- within vegetative parts of the tree more than within rootse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“Reducing the nutrient supply decreased water and nutrient uptake”
e1“reduced nutrient contents within vegetative parts of the tree more than within roots”
Claim · model-written summary
In Golden Delicious trees, restricting the water supply to 50% or 25% of control consumption significantly reduced above-ground biomass.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- restricting the water supply to 50% or 25% of that consumed by control treese0
- Outcome
- above‐ground biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“restricting the water supply to 50% or 25% of that consumed by control trees significantly reduced above‐ground biomass”
e1“Golden Delicious’ trees, restricting the water supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Restricting the water supply did not significantly affect root biomass of Golden Delicious trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse2
- Treatment
- restricting the water supply to 50% or 25% of that consumed by control treese0
- Outcome
- root biomasse1
- Direction
- not significantly affectede1
- Comparator
- control treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“restricting the water supply to 50% or 25% of that consumed by control trees significantly reduced above‐ground biomass”
e1“root biomass was not significantly affected”
e2“Golden Delicious’ trees, restricting the water supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress also reduced the N, P and K contents of the trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- N, P and K. contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“The N, P and K. contents for the trees were also reduced by water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress reduced the TNC and starch contents of all tissues except the roots.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- TNC and starch contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- except the rootse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple trees”
e0“Water stress reduced the TNC and starch contents of all tissues, except the roots”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.