Abstract
The flowering time regulator GIGANTEA (GI) connects networks involved in developmental stage transitions and environmental stress responses in Arabidopsis. However, little is known about the role of GI in growth, development and responses to environmental challenges in the perennial plant poplar. Here, we identified and functionally characterized three GI-like genes (PagGIa, PagGIb and PagGIc) from poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa). PagGIs are predominantly nuclear localized and their transcripts are rhythmically expressed, with a peak around zeitgeber time 12 under long-day conditions. Overexpressing PagGIs in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis induced early flowering and salt sensitivity, while overexpressing PagGIs in the gi-2 mutant completely or partially rescued its delayed flowering and enhanced salt tolerance phenotypes. Furthermore, the PagGIs-PagSOS2 complexes inhibited PagSOS2-regulated phosphorylation of PagSOS1 in the absence of stress, whereas these inhibitions were eliminated due to the degradation of PagGIs under salt stress. Down-regulation of PagGIs by RNA interference led to vigorous growth, higher biomass and enhanced salt stress tolerance in transgenic poplar plants. Taken together, these results indicate that several functions of Arabidopsis GI are conserved in its poplar orthologues, and they lay the foundation for developing new approaches to producing salt-tolerant trees for sustainable development on marginal lands worldwide.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Three poplar GI-like genes were identified.
PopulusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified and functionally characterized three GI-like genes (PagGIa, PagGIb and PagGIc) from poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGIs were predominantly nuclear localized.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PagGIs are predominantly nuclear localized”
t0“poplar”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGI transcripts were rhythmic and peaked around zeitgeber time 12 under long days.
- Gene
- PagGIse1
- Outcome
- transcripts are rhythmically expressede0
- Value
- zeitgeber time 12e0
- Qualifier
- long-day conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their transcripts are rhythmically expressed, with a peak around zeitgeber time 12 under long-day conditions”
t0“poplar”
e1“PagGIs are predominantly nuclear localized and their transcripts”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGI overexpression in wild-type Arabidopsis induced early flowering.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- Overexpressing PagGIse0
- Gene
- PagGIse0
- Outcome
- early floweringe0
- Comparator
- wild-type (WT)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpressing PagGIs in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis induced early flowering and salt sensitivity”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGI overexpression in wild-type Arabidopsis induced salt sensitivity.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- Overexpressing PagGIse0
- Gene
- PagGIse0
- Outcome
- salt sensitivitye0
- Comparator
- wild-type (WT)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpressing PagGIs in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis induced early flowering and salt sensitivity”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGI overexpression rescued delayed flowering in gi-2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- overexpressing PagGIse0
- Gene
- PagGIse0
- Outcome
- delayed floweringe0
- Direction
- rescuede0
- Comparator
- gi-2 mutante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overexpressing PagGIs in the gi-2 mutant completely or partially rescued its delayed flowering and enhanced salt tolerance phenotypes”
e1“in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGI overexpression rescued enhanced salt tolerance in gi-2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- overexpressing PagGIse0
- Gene
- PagGIse0
- Outcome
- enhanced salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- rescuede0
- Comparator
- gi-2 mutante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overexpressing PagGIs in the gi-2 mutant completely or partially rescued its delayed flowering and enhanced salt tolerance phenotypes”
e1“in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGI-PagSOS2 complexes inhibited PagSOS2-regulated phosphorylation of PagSOS1 without stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the PagGIs-PagSOS2 complexes inhibited PagSOS2-regulated phosphorylation of PagSOS1 in the absence of stress”
t0“poplar”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, PagGI degradation eliminated inhibition of PagSOS1 phosphorylation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these inhibitions were eliminated due to the degradation of PagGIs under salt stress”
e1“phosphorylation of PagSOS1”
t0“poplar”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGI RNA interference produced vigorous growth in transgenic poplar.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Down-regulation of PagGIs by RNA interference led to vigorous growth, higher biomass and enhanced salt stress tolerance in transgenic poplar plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGI RNA interference increased poplar biomass.
- Treatment
- Down-regulation of PagGIs by RNA interferencee0
- Gene
- PagGIse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Down-regulation of PagGIs by RNA interference led to vigorous growth, higher biomass and enhanced salt stress tolerance in transgenic poplar plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PagGI RNA interference enhanced poplar salt tolerance.
- Treatment
- Down-regulation of PagGIs by RNA interferencee0
- Gene
- PagGIse0
- Outcome
- salt stress tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Down-regulation of PagGIs by RNA interference led to vigorous growth, higher biomass and enhanced salt stress tolerance in transgenic poplar plants”
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