Abstract
Aims Our objective was to examine seeds of Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper, four common annual species growing in the water-level-fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir in China, in regard to tolerance of submergence and germination in the changing environment of the zone. Methods We divided the water-level-fluctuation zone into nine elevational zones according to the Wusong Elevation criterion. We then observed seed submergence tolerance and the effects of submergence on seed germination in a water impoundment-water recession cycle after seeds of the four species were sown in the nine elevational zones. Seed germination was divided into seeds with and without sand sediment on surface. Important findings Ripe seeds (or fruits) of the four species kept their vitality after submergence. The starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence and seed germination duration both gradually decreased with decreasing elevation (p 0.01), and the starting time for seed germination was significantly reduced below 169 m (p 0.01). Overall, within the same elevational zone, the starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence was longest for A. indica, followed by X. sibiricum, and shortest for P. hydropiper. For E. crusgalli, X. sibiricum and P. hydropiper, seed germination percentage first increased and then decreased with decreasing elevation, while it decreased for A. indica. Sand sedimentation had little effect on seed germination; the effect waspositive for X. sibiricum and negative for A. indica. We concluded that seeds (or fruits) of the four annuals can tolerate submergence and germinate successfully in the changing environment of water-level-fluctuation zone. Therefore, these species are useful in the revegetation and restoration of this zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Ripe seeds or fruits of the four species remained viable after submergence.
- Taxon
- Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper
Persicaria hydropiper
Aeschynomene indica
Echinochloa crus-galli
Xanthium sibiricumt0 - Organ / stage
- Ripe seeds (or fruits)e0
- Treatment
- submergencee0
- Outcome
- kept their vitalitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ripe seeds (or fruits) of the four species kept their vitality after submergence”
t0“seeds of Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination start time decreased with decreasing elevation, significantly below 169 m.
- Taxon
- Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiperPersicaria hydropiperAeschynomene indicaEchinochloa crus-galliXanthium sibiricumt0
- Outcome
- starting time for seed germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- below 169 me0
- Setting
- elevatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence and seed germination duration both gradually decreased with decreasing elevation (p 0.01), and the starting time for seed germination was significantly reduced below 169 m (p 0.01)”
t0“seeds of Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination duration decreased with decreasing elevation.
- Taxon
- Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiperPersicaria hydropiperAeschynomene indicaEchinochloa crus-galliXanthium sibiricumt0
- Outcome
- seed germination duratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- elevatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination duration both gradually decreased with decreasing elevation (p 0.01)”
t0“seeds of Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination started latest for A. indica among species within an elevation zone.
- Taxon
- A. indicaAeschynomene indicae0
- Outcome
- starting time for seed germinatione0
- Direction
- longeste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence was longest for A. indica, followed by X. sibiricum, and shortest for P. hydropiper”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination started after A. indica but before P. hydropiper for X. sibiricum.
- Taxon
- X. sibiricumXanthium sibiricume0
- Outcome
- starting time for seed germinatione0
- Direction
- followed bye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence was longest for A. indica, followed by X. sibiricum, and shortest for P. hydropiper”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination started earliest for P. hydropiper.
- Taxon
- P. hydropiperPersicaria hydropipere0
- Outcome
- starting time for seed germinatione0
- Direction
- shorteste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the starting time for seed germination after the end of submergence was longest for A. indica, followed by X. sibiricum, and shortest for P. hydropiper”
Claim · model-written summary
E. crusgalli germination percentage rose then fell as elevation decreased.
- Taxon
- E. crusgalliEchinochloa crus-gallie0
- Outcome
- seed germination percentagee0
- Direction
- first increased and then decreasede0
- Setting
- elevatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For E. crusgalli, X. sibiricum and P. hydropiper, seed germination percentage first increased and then decreased with decreasing elevation”
Claim · model-written summary
X. sibiricum germination percentage rose then fell as elevation decreased.
- Taxon
- X. sibiricumXanthium sibiricume0
- Outcome
- seed germination percentagee0
- Direction
- first increased and then decreasede0
- Setting
- elevatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For E. crusgalli, X. sibiricum and P. hydropiper, seed germination percentage first increased and then decreased with decreasing elevation”
Claim · model-written summary
P. hydropiper germination percentage rose then fell as elevation decreased.
- Taxon
- P. hydropiperPersicaria hydropipere0
- Outcome
- seed germination percentagee0
- Direction
- first increased and then decreasede0
- Setting
- elevatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For E. crusgalli, X. sibiricum and P. hydropiper, seed germination percentage first increased and then decreased with decreasing elevation”
Claim · model-written summary
A. indica germination percentage declined as elevation decreased.
- Taxon
- A. indicaAeschynomene indicae0
- Outcome
- ite0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- elevatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while it decreased for A. indica”
e1“For E. crusgalli, X. sibiricum and P. hydropiper, seed germination percentage first increased and then decreased with decreasing elevation”
Claim · model-written summary
Sand sedimentation slightly promoted germination in X. sibiricum.
- Taxon
- X. sibiricumXanthium sibiricume0
- Treatment
- Sand sedimentatione0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sand sedimentation had little effect on seed germination; the effect waspositive for X. sibiricum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sand sedimentation slightly inhibited germination in A. indica.
- Taxon
- A. indicaAeschynomene indicae0
- Treatment
- Sand sedimentatione0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Qualifier
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sand sedimentation had little effect on seed germination; the effect waspositive for X. sibiricum and negative for A. indica”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended these four species for revegetation and restoration of the reservoir fluctuation zone.
- Taxon
- Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiperPersicaria hydropiperAeschynomene indicaEchinochloa crus-galliXanthium sibiricumt0
- Outcome
- revegetation and restoratione0
- Setting
- Three Gorges Reservoire0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these species are useful in the revegetation and restoration of this zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir”
t0“seeds of Echinochloa crusgalli, Xanthium sibiricum, Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper”
The same questions in other papers
growing medium · growth · Xanthium sibiricumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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