Abstract
Fundamental studies in eradication of barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi), an annoying weed in rice cultivation, have been done by the authors with physiological and ecological techniques. The present report deals with the primary dormancy in the seed, and the results of experiment are as follows; 1. It was elucidated that the primary dormancy was due to the presence of the pericarp and epidermis and not of the shell coat (Fig. 1). It was also suggested that the delayed germintaion of the dormant seed might not be associated with impermeability of the seed coat to water. 2. A high temperature treatment (40°C∼50°C) was found effective in overcoming the dormancy, and a wet condition at 5°C was also effective in accelerating the process of after-ripening, though it was ineffective at 20°and 30°C. Both non-and deep-dormant seeds showed no response to the alternated temperature. But the dormancy of partially dormant seeds were overcome by the treatment, the effectiveness being attributed to the low temperature as well as alternation of temperature (Fig. 2). Freezing treatment (-5°C) was effective in overcoming dormancy only in partially dormant seeds (Fig. 3). 3. In order to judge the effect of the storage at various temperatures in overcoming dormancy, both the freezing treatment and the storage treatment in submerged soils were carried out with the seeds that were considered to have been processed to a certain degree of dormancy through air-dry storage. The storage at 5°C promoted overcoming of dormancy, but storage at the optimum temperature for germination lead the seeds back to deeper dormancy (Fig. 4). 4. The storage in nitrogen gas (without oxygen gas) acclerated awakening of the seed from dormancy, and this acceleration was more remarkable in the partially dormant seeds, and awakening was faster at 30°C storage condition than at 5°C condition (Table 1).
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Primary seed dormancy was attributed to the pericarp and epidermis rather than the shell coat.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)
Echinochloa crus-gallie1 - Organ / stage
- pericarp and epidermise0
- Outcome
- primary dormancye0
- Qualifier
- not of the shell coate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the primary dormancy was due to the presence of the pericarp and epidermis and not of the shell coat”
e1“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed germination of dormant seed was suggested not to result from seed coat impermeability to water.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie1
- Outcome
- delayed germintaion of the dormant seede0
- Qualifier
- impermeability of the seed coat to watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the delayed germintaion of the dormant seed might not be associated with impermeability of the seed coat to water”
e1“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature treatment at 40°C to 50°C overcame seed dormancy.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie1
- Treatment
- high temperature treatment (40°C∼50°C)e0
- Outcome
- dormancye0
- Direction
- overcominge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high temperature treatment (40°C∼50°C) was found effective in overcoming the dormancy”
e1“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wet conditions at 5°C accelerated after-ripening.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie1
- Treatment
- wet condition at 5°Ce0
- Outcome
- process of after-ripeninge0
- Direction
- acceleratinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a wet condition at 5°C was also effective in accelerating the process of after-ripening”
e1“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wet conditions at 20° and 30°C did not accelerate after-ripening.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie2
- Treatment
- 20°and 30°Ce0
- Outcome
- process of after-ripeninge1
- Direction
- ineffectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“though it was ineffective at 20°and 30°C”
e1“a wet condition at 5°C was also effective in accelerating the process of after-ripening”
e2“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternating temperature elicited no response in non-dormant seed.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie1
- Material
- non-and deep-dormant seedse0
- Treatment
- alternated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Direction
- no responsee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both non-and deep-dormant seeds showed no response to the alternated temperature”
e1“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternating temperature overcame dormancy in partially dormant seed.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie2
- Treatment
- alternated temperaturee1
- Outcome
- dormancy of partially dormant seedse0
- Direction
- overcomee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dormancy of partially dormant seeds were overcome by the treatment”
e1“alternated temperature”
e2“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Freezing at -5°C overcame dormancy only in partially dormant seed.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie1
- Treatment
- Freezing treatment (-5°C)e0
- Outcome
- dormancye0
- Direction
- overcominge0
- Qualifier
- only in partially dormant seedse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Freezing treatment (-5°C) was effective in overcoming dormancy only in partially dormant seeds”
e1“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage at 5°C promoted dormancy release.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie1
- Treatment
- storage at 5°Ce0
- Outcome
- dormancye0
- Direction
- overcominge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The storage at 5°C promoted overcoming of dormancy”
e1“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage at the optimum germination temperature returned seeds to deeper dormancy.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie1
- Treatment
- storage at the optimum temperature for germinatione0
- Outcome
- dormancye0
- Direction
- deepere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“storage at the optimum temperature for germination lead the seeds back to deeper dormancy”
e1“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage in nitrogen gas accelerated release from dormancy, especially in partially dormant seed.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie1
- Treatment
- storage in nitrogen gas (without oxygen gas)e0
- Outcome
- awakening of the seed from dormancye0
- Direction
- accleratede0
- Qualifier
- more remarkable in the partially dormant seedse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The storage in nitrogen gas (without oxygen gas) acclerated awakening of the seed from dormancy, and this acceleration was more remarkable in the partially dormant seeds”
e1“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed awakening during nitrogen gas storage was faster at 30°C than at 5°C.
- Taxon
- barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)Echinochloa crus-gallie2
- Treatment
- 30°C storage conditione0
- Outcome
- awakeninge0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Qualifier
- storage in nitrogen gas (without oxygen gas)e1
- Comparator
- 5°C conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“awakening was faster at 30°C storage condition than at 5°C condition”
e1“The storage in nitrogen gas (without oxygen gas)”
e2“barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.