Abstract
In greenhouse and controlled environment experiments, the influences of temperature, P nutrition-, and foliar sprays of 3 growth retarding chemicals on the growth, yield and mineral composition of Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection were investigated. The utilization of P under 4 air and soil temperature regimes within the physiological range was also studied. The dwarfing effect of high temperature was related to that due to relatively high concentrations of growth retarding chemicals. Banded P fertilizer, applied at rates of up to 352 lb. per acre, increased plant growth, pea yield and the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. P increased the total contents of all 5 minerals in all 3 tissues (vine, pod and pea seed), but had multiple effects on mineral concentrations. Efficiency of P in producing pea yield increase was maximum at the 44 lb. per acre rate. The high air temperature of 30° decreased growth, pea yield, and total mineral uptake, compared with a temperature of 21°. The high soil temperature of 18° increased these 3 groups of variables, as compared with a temperature of 10°. Increases in mineral concentration at the high air temperature were largely due to "concentration effects'' resulting from smaller plants. Increases due to the high soil temperature were absolute because they occurred even in bigger plants. Increase in mineral uptake at the high soil temperature was not due to increased root growth, but was a result of increased metabolic activity. The effect of soil temperature on total absorption was greater than on translocation into the pea seed. (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (Cycocel) at 1 ppm was the most effective in terms of growth and yield stimulation. 2,4-dichlorobenzyl tributylphosphonium chloride (Phosfon) at 100 ppm was the most effective with respect to growth retardation, but markedly decreased pea yield. N-N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B-Nine) at concentrations of 1 and 100 ppm was ineffective in altering growth pattern. Effects of the growth retarding chemicals on mineral uptake largely reflected plant size differences, and were not absolute effects. Cycocel and Phosfon at low concentrations are promising for use in arresting excessive vegetative growth and its attendant problems, and in increasing pea yield without deformative effects. The effects of relatively high concentrations of Cycocel and Phosfon were similar to those of high temperatures with respect to plant dwarfing, changes in mineral composition and alteration in the levels of Glucose, G-l-P, G-6-P, F-6-P, Fl,6-P, ADP and ATP. It appears that high concentrations of growth retarding chemicals and high temperatures depress plant growth by reducing the utilization of ATP in the phosphorylation of sugars, in the glycolytic sequence. The nearest-optimal air and soil temperature regime for plant growth and mineral uptake was the 21/13/18° day/night/soil. For uniformity in the nomenclature of plant growth regulators, it is suggested that growth retarding chemicals be called "RETARDINS".
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Banded P fertilizer increased plant growth and pea yield.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- Banded P fertilizer, applied at rates of up to 352 lb. per acree1
- Outcome
- plant growth, pea yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“Banded P fertilizer, applied at rates of up to 352 lb. per acre, increased plant growth, pea yield and the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg”
Claim · model-written summary
Banded P fertilizer increased the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- Banded P fertilizere1
- Outcome
- uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mge1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“Banded P fertilizer, applied at rates of up to 352 lb. per acre, increased plant growth, pea yield and the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg”
Claim · model-written summary
P increased the total contents of all five minerals in vine, pod and pea seed.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- vine, pod and pea seede2
- Treatment
- Pe2
- Outcome
- total contents of all 5 mineralse2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e2“P increased the total contents of all 5 minerals in all 3 tissues (vine, pod and pea seed)”
Claim · model-written summary
The efficiency of P in producing pea yield increase was maximum at 44 lb. per acre.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- 44 lb. per acre ratee3
- Outcome
- Efficiency of P in producing pea yield increasee3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 44 lb. per acree3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e3“Efficiency of P in producing pea yield increase was maximum at the 44 lb. per acre rate”
Claim · model-written summary
High air temperature of 30 degrees decreased growth, pea yield and total mineral uptake compared with 21 degrees.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- high air temperature of 30°e4
- Outcome
- growth, pea yield, and total mineral uptakee4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Comparator
- a temperature of 21°e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e4“The high air temperature of 30° decreased growth, pea yield, and total mineral uptake, compared with a temperature of 21°”
Claim · model-written summary
High soil temperature of 18 degrees increased growth, pea yield and total mineral uptake compared with 10 degrees.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- high soil temperature of 18°e5
- Outcome
- growth, pea yield, and total mineral uptakee4
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- a temperature of 10°e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e5“The high soil temperature of 18° increased these 3 groups of variables, as compared with a temperature of 10°”
e4“The high air temperature of 30° decreased growth, pea yield, and total mineral uptake, compared with a temperature of 21°”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in mineral uptake at high soil temperature was due to increased metabolic activity, not increased root growth.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- high soil temperaturee6
- Outcome
- Increase in mineral uptakee6
- Qualifier
- increased metabolic activitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e6“Increase in mineral uptake at the high soil temperature was not due to increased root growth, but was a result of increased metabolic activity”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of soil temperature on total absorption was greater than its effect on translocation into the pea seed.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse7
- Treatment
- soil temperaturee7
- Outcome
- total absorptione7
- Direction
- greatere7
- Comparator
- translocation into the pea seede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The effect of soil temperature on total absorption was greater than on translocation into the pea seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel at 1 ppm was the most effective growth retardant for growth and yield stimulation.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (Cycocel) at 1 ppme1
- Outcome
- growth and yield stimulatione1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“(2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (Cycocel) at 1 ppm was the most effective in terms of growth and yield stimulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosfon at 100 ppm was the most effective growth retardant for growth retardation.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorobenzyl tributylphosphonium chloride (Phosfon) at 100 ppme1
- Outcome
- growth retardatione1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“2,4-dichlorobenzyl tributylphosphonium chloride (Phosfon) at 100 ppm was the most effective with respect to growth retardation, but markedly decreased pea yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosfon at 100 ppm markedly decreased pea yield.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorobenzyl tributylphosphonium chloride (Phosfon) at 100 ppme1
- Outcome
- pea yielde1
- Direction
- markedly decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“2,4-dichlorobenzyl tributylphosphonium chloride (Phosfon) at 100 ppm was the most effective with respect to growth retardation, but markedly decreased pea yield”
Claim · model-written summary
B-Nine at 1 and 100 ppm was ineffective in altering pea growth pattern.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- N-N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B-Nine) at concentrations of 1 and 100 ppme1
- Outcome
- growth patterne1
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“N-N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B-Nine) at concentrations of 1 and 100 ppm was ineffective in altering growth pattern”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel and Phosfon at low concentrations are promising for arresting excessive vegetative growth and increasing pea yield.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- low concentrationse1
- Outcome
- arresting excessive vegetative growthe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“Cycocel and Phosfon at low concentrations are promising for use in arresting excessive vegetative growth and its attendant problems, and in increasing pea yield without deformative effects”
Claim · model-written summary
The nearest-optimal air and soil temperature regime for pea growth and mineral uptake was 21/13/18 degrees day/night/soil.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Outcome
- plant growth and mineral uptakee1
- Value
- 21/13/18°e1
- Qualifier
- nearest-optimale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“The nearest-optimal air and soil temperature regime for plant growth and mineral uptake was the 21/13/18° day/night/soil”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentrations of growth retardants and high temperatures likely depress plant growth by reducing ATP use in sugar phosphorylation.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- high concentrations of growth retarding chemicals and high temperaturese1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Qualifier
- reducing the utilization of ATP in the phosphorylation of sugarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“high concentrations of growth retarding chemicals and high temperatures depress plant growth by reducing the utilization of ATP in the phosphorylation of sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Increases in mineral concentration at high air temperature were largely due to smaller plants.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- high air temperaturee1
- Outcome
- Increases in mineral concentratione1
- Qualifier
- smaller plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“Increases in mineral concentration at the high air temperature were largely due to”
e2“resulting from smaller plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth retardant effects on mineral uptake largely reflected plant size differences rather than absolute effects.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum L.Lathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- growth retarding chemicalse1
- Outcome
- Effects of the growth retarding chemicals on mineral uptakee1
- Qualifier
- plant size differencese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisum sativum L. cv. Dark Skin Perfection”
e1“Effects of the growth retarding chemicals on mineral uptake largely reflected plant size differences”
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