Abstract
The introduction of cultivars with earlier development and greater productivity has raised questions about the effect of management practices on soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr] yield in a no‐till (NT) system. The objective of the study was to evaluate the interaction between N fertilization, row spacing, and plant density on photosynthetic index, yield components, yield, and nutritional status of soybean–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) intercropping. For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5‐cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used. No significant effects of row spacing and plant density were detected. The yields for 0 and 40 kg N ha −1 rates were similar, while applying 20 kg N ha −1 reduced, on average, soybean yield by 14.5%. The planting densities, row spacing, and N rates did not affect wheat yield, or oil and protein content in soybean seeds. Soil temperature (ST), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) increased, while plant height, chlorophyll content (CC), and transpiration rate (Trmmol) decreased with increasing spacing of soybean. Plant density changed ST, Ci, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance ( gs ). Leaf tissue analysis indicated adequate nutrient levels in soybean and wheat. The current management practice with 50‐cm row spacing, no N fertilization to complement biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and 333,000 plants ha −1 is adequate for soybean cultivation, while N supplied from soil organic matter (SOM) and BNF is sufficient to meet requirements of associated wheat crops.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Row spacing and plant density had no significant effect on the measured soybean outcomes
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- row spacing and plant densitye2
- Direction
- No significant effectse2
- Setting
- no‐till (NT) systeme1
Not reportedComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The introduction of cultivars with earlier development and greater productivity has raised questions about the effect of management practices on soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr] yield in a no‐till (NT) system”
e2“No significant effects of row spacing and plant density were detected”
e3“For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5‐cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 20 kg N ha −1 reduced soybean yield by 14.5% on average
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- 20 kg N ha −1e4
- Outcome
- soybean yielde4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 14.5%e4
- Setting
- no‐till (NT) systeme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The introduction of cultivars with earlier development and greater productivity has raised questions about the effect of management practices on soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr] yield in a no‐till (NT) system”
e4“applying 20 kg N ha −1 reduced, on average, soybean yield by 14.5%”
e3“For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5‐cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yields at 0 and 40 kg N ha −1 were similar
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5‐cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used”
e5“The yields for 0 and 40 kg N ha −1 rates were similar”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting densities, row spacing and N rates did not affect wheat yield
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume3 - Treatment
- planting densities, row spacing, and N ratese6
- Outcome
- wheat yielde6
- Direction
- did not affecte6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5‐cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used”
e6“The planting densities, row spacing, and N rates did not affect wheat yield, or oil and protein content in soybean seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting densities, row spacing and N rates did not affect oil and protein content of soybean seeds
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- planting densities, row spacing, and N ratese6
- Outcome
- oil and protein contente6
- Direction
- did not affecte6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5‐cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used”
e6“The planting densities, row spacing, and N rates did not affect wheat yield, or oil and protein content in soybean seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soybean spacing increased soil temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration and intrinsic water use efficiency
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- increasing spacing of soybeane7
- Outcome
- Soil temperature (ST), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE)e7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Soil temperature (ST), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) increased, while plant height, chlorophyll content (CC), and transpiration rate (Trmmol) decreased with increasing spacing of soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soybean spacing decreased plant height, chlorophyll content and transpiration rate
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- increasing spacing of soybeane7
- Outcome
- plant height, chlorophyll content (CC), and transpiration rate (Trmmol)e7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Soil temperature (ST), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) increased, while plant height, chlorophyll content (CC), and transpiration rate (Trmmol) decreased with increasing spacing of soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant density changed soil temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration and chlorophyll content in soybean
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- Plant densitye6
- Outcome
- ST, Ci, chlorophyll contente6
- Direction
- changede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Plant density changed ST, Ci, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance ( gs )”
e3“For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5‐cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant density changed stomatal conductance in soybean
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- Plant densitye6
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee6
- Direction
- changede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Plant density changed ST, Ci, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance ( gs )”
e3“For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5‐cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf tissue nutrient levels in soybean were adequate
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Outcome
- nutrient levelse7
- Qualifier
- adequatee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Leaf tissue analysis indicated adequate nutrient levels in soybean and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf tissue nutrient levels in wheat were adequate
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Outcome
- nutrient levelse7
- Qualifier
- adequatee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Leaf tissue analysis indicated adequate nutrient levels in soybean and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The current management practice with 50-cm row spacing, no N fertilization and 333,000 plants per ha is adequate for soybean cultivation
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe6
- Treatment
- 50‐cm row spacinge6
- Outcome
- current management practicee6
- Qualifier
- adequate for soybean cultivatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The current management practice with 50‐cm row spacing, no N fertilization to complement biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and 333,000 plants ha −1 is adequate for soybean cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
N supplied from soil organic matter and biological nitrogen fixation is sufficient for associated wheat crops
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Outcome
- requirements of associated wheat cropse6
- Qualifier
- N supplied from soil organic matter (SOM) and BNF is sufficiente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“while N supplied from soil organic matter (SOM) and BNF is sufficient to meet requirements of associated wheat crops”
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See all 2,061 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.