Abstract
Increasing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting density is the most effective production management method for increasing yields; however, excessive crop populations under high planting densities may experience elevated risk of stem lodging. We conducted this study to assess the relationship between reduced lodging and increased yield, investigate the effects of planting density on wheat population structure, stem strength, and material transport, and provide a basis for rationale planting densities. The experiments were carried out using a split-plot design with three replicates. The main plots contained two wheat varieties: Bainong 5819 (BN5819) and Bainong 4199 (BN4199), and the sub-plots contained four planting density treatments: 90 × 104 plants/ha (D1), 180 × 104 plants/ha (D2), 270 × 104 plants/ha (D3), and 360 × 104 plants/ha (D4). A two-year field trial was conducted in 2021–2023. The relationships between population structure characteristics, changes in stem strength, activation, and retransport of stem material after anthesis, and achievement of high and stable yields were investigated at the different planting densities. When the planting density of wheat increased from D1 to D4 treatment, the activity of fructan hydrolase was significantly increased. Compared with D1 treatment, the highest activity of fructan hydrolase was increased by 457.47 μg/h/g under D4 treatment. At the same time, the increase of density also increased the contribution rate of dry matter accumulation (CDMA) to grain after anthesis increased, with the highest increase in CDMA at 33.67%, which significantly reduced stem strength. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative association between CDMA and stem strength. Specifically, CDMA levels were significantly lower with the D3 treatment than the D4 treatment, while stem strength remained higher after anthesis as an adaptive response to mitigate lodging risk. Stem storage compounds can promote grain filling and a weight increase in inferior grains. The number of spikes per unit area increased significantly with increasing planting density, but the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight decreased significantly. In two years, the number of spikes in D3 treatment increased by a maximum of 211.67 × 104 ha−1 and 99.17 × 104 ha−1, respectively, compared to D1 and D2 treatments. The number of grains per spike was significantly higher than that of D4 treatment, the highest being 3.68 grains. Therefore, in the North China Plain with suitable water, fertilizer, and temperature, the sowing density of 270 × 104 plants/ha established population structure, significantly reduced CDMA, maintained post-anthesis stem strength, enhanced resilience of stems against post-anthesis lodging, and resulted in high yields by stabilizing the number of grains per spike and increasing the number of wheat spikes.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fructan hydrolase activity in wheat increased significantly as planting density rose from D1 to D4.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- activity of fructan hydrolasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- D1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the planting density of wheat increased from D1 to D4 treatment, the activity of fructan hydrolase was significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest fructan hydrolase activity under D4 was 457.47 μg/h/g higher than under D1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D4 treatmente1
- Outcome
- activity of fructan hydrolasee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 457.47 μg/h/ge1
- Comparator
- D1 treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e1“Compared with D1 treatment, the highest activity of fructan hydrolase was increased by 457.47 μg/h/g under D4 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing density increased the contribution rate of dry matter accumulation to grain after anthesis (CDMA), with a highest increase of 33.67%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase of densitye2
- Outcome
- contribution rate of dry matter accumulation (CDMA) to grain after anthesise2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 33.67%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e2“the increase of density also increased the contribution rate of dry matter accumulation (CDMA) to grain after anthesis increased, with the highest increase in CDMA at 33.67%”
Claim · model-written summary
The density-driven increase in CDMA significantly reduced stem strength.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase of densitye3
- Outcome
- stem strengthe4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e3“the increase of density also increased”
e4“which significantly reduced stem strength”
Claim · model-written summary
CDMA and stem strength showed a significant negative association.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- steme5
- Outcome
- association between CDMA and stem strengthe5
- Direction
- negativee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e5“Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative association between CDMA and stem strength”
Claim · model-written summary
CDMA was significantly lower under D3 than under D4.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D3 treatmente6
- Outcome
- CDMA levelse6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Comparator
- D4 treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e6“CDMA levels were significantly lower with the D3 treatment than the D4 treatment, while stem strength remained higher after anthesis as an adaptive response to mitigate lodging risk”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem strength remained higher after anthesis under D3 than D4, as an adaptive response to mitigate lodging risk.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D3 treatmente6
- Outcome
- stem strengthe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- D4 treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e6“CDMA levels were significantly lower with the D3 treatment than the D4 treatment, while stem strength remained higher after anthesis as an adaptive response to mitigate lodging risk”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem storage compounds can promote grain filling and weight increase in inferior grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Stem storage compoundse7
- Outcome
- grain filling and a weight increase in inferior grainse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e7“Stem storage compounds can promote grain filling and a weight increase in inferior grains”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of spikes per unit area increased significantly with increasing planting density.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- number of spikes per unit areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“The number of spikes per unit area increased significantly with increasing planting density, but the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight decreased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight decreased significantly with increasing planting density.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“The number of spikes per unit area increased significantly with increasing planting density, but the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight decreased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Over two years, spikes in D3 increased by a maximum of 211.67 × 104 ha−1 compared with D1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- number of spikese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 211.67 × 104 ha−1e0
- Comparator
- D1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“In two years, the number of spikes in D3 treatment increased by a maximum of 211.67 × 104 ha−1 and 99.17 × 104 ha−1, respectively, compared to D1 and D2 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Over two years, spikes in D3 increased by a maximum of 99.17 × 104 ha−1 compared with D2.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- number of spikese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 99.17 × 104 ha−1e0
- Comparator
- D2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“In two years, the number of spikes in D3 treatment increased by a maximum of 211.67 × 104 ha−1 and 99.17 × 104 ha−1, respectively, compared to D1 and D2 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of grains per spike was significantly higher than under D4, the highest difference being 3.68 grains.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.68 grainse0
- Comparator
- D4 treatmente0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“The number of grains per spike was significantly higher than that of D4 treatment, the highest being 3.68 grains”
Claim · model-written summary
In the North China Plain, a sowing density of 270 × 104 plants/ha is recommended for wheat to maintain stem strength and obtain high yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- sowing density of 270 × 104 plants/hae0
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the North China Plain with suitable water, fertilizer, and temperature, the sowing density of 270 × 104 plants/ha established population structure, significantly reduced CDMA, maintained post-anthesis stem strength, enhanced resilience of stems against post-anthesis lodging, and resulted in high yields by stabilizing the number of grains per spike and increasing the number of wheat spikes”
The same questions in other papers
density · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →density · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
375 papers in the same direction as this paper · 115 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
494 papers more in this group
See all 498 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.