Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices, but contribution of each factor to seed composition and yield are not well understood. The goal of this synthesis-analysis was to identify the main effects of G, E, and M factors on seed composition (protein and oil concentration) and yield. The entire dataset (13,574 data points) consisted of 21 studies conducted across the United States (US) between 2002 and 2017 with varying treatments and all reporting seed yield and composition. Environment (E), defined as site-year, was the dominant factor accounting for more than 70% of the variation for both seed composition and yield. Of the crop management factors: i) delayed planting date decreased oil concentration by 0.007 to 0.06 % per delayed week (R2~0.70) and a 0.01 to 0.04 Mg ha-1 decline in seed yield per week, mainly in northern latitudes (40-45oN); ii) crop rotation (corn-soybean) resulted in an overall positive impact for both seed composition and yield (1.60 Mg ha-1 positive yield difference relative to continuous soybean); and iii) other management practices such as no-till, seed treatment, foliar nutrient application, and fungicide showed mixed results. Fertilizer N application in lower quantities (10-50 kg N ha-1) increased both oil and protein concentration, but seed yield was improved with rates above 100 kg N ha-1. At southern latitudes (30-35oN), trends of reduction in oil and increases in protein concentrations with later maturity groups (MG, from 3 to 7) was found. Continuing coordinated research is critical to advance our understanding of G x E x M interactions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Environment (site-year) was the dominant factor, accounting for more than 70% of the variation in soybean seed composition and yield.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Environment (E), defined as site-yeare2
- Outcome
- variatione2
- Value
- more than 70%e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e2“Environment (E), defined as site-year, was the dominant factor accounting for more than 70% of the variation for both seed composition and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed planting date decreased soybean oil concentration by 0.007 to 0.06 % per delayed week, mainly in northern latitudes.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- delayed planting datee3
- Outcome
- oil concentratione3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 0.007 to 0.06 %e3
- Qualifier
- per delayed week (R2~0.70)e3
- Setting
- northern latitudes (40-45oN)e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e3“delayed planting date decreased oil concentration by 0.007 to 0.06 % per delayed week (R2~0.70) and a 0.01 to 0.04 Mg ha-1 decline in seed yield per week, mainly in northern latitudes (40-45oN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed planting date reduced soybean seed yield by 0.01 to 0.04 Mg ha-1 per week, mainly in northern latitudes.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- delayed planting datee3
- Outcome
- seed yielde3
- Direction
- declinee3
- Value
- 0.01 to 0.04 Mg ha-1e3
- Setting
- northern latitudes (40-45oN)e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e3“delayed planting date decreased oil concentration by 0.007 to 0.06 % per delayed week (R2~0.70) and a 0.01 to 0.04 Mg ha-1 decline in seed yield per week, mainly in northern latitudes (40-45oN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop rotation (corn-soybean) had an overall positive impact on soybean seed composition and yield relative to continuous soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- crop rotation (corn-soybean)e4
- Outcome
- seed composition and yielde2
- Direction
- positivee4
- Comparator
- continuous soybeane4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e2“Environment (E), defined as site-year, was the dominant factor accounting for more than 70% of the variation for both seed composition and yield”
e4“crop rotation (corn-soybean) resulted in an overall positive impact for both seed composition and yield (1.60 Mg ha-1 positive yield difference relative to continuous soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop rotation (corn-soybean) gave a 1.60 Mg ha-1 positive seed yield difference relative to continuous soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- crop rotation (corn-soybean)e4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- positivee4
- Value
- 1.60 Mg ha-1e4
- Comparator
- continuous soybeane4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e4“crop rotation (corn-soybean) resulted in an overall positive impact for both seed composition and yield (1.60 Mg ha-1 positive yield difference relative to continuous soybean)”
Claim · model-written summary
No-till had mixed effects on soybean seed composition and yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- no-tille5
- Outcome
- seed composition and yielde2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e2“Environment (E), defined as site-year, was the dominant factor accounting for more than 70% of the variation for both seed composition and yield”
e5“other management practices such as no-till, seed treatment, foliar nutrient application, and fungicide showed mixed results”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment had mixed effects on soybean seed composition and yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- seed treatmente5
- Outcome
- seed composition and yielde2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e2“Environment (E), defined as site-year, was the dominant factor accounting for more than 70% of the variation for both seed composition and yield”
e5“other management practices such as no-till, seed treatment, foliar nutrient application, and fungicide showed mixed results”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nutrient application had mixed effects on soybean seed composition and yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- foliar nutrient applicatione5
- Outcome
- seed composition and yielde2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e2“Environment (E), defined as site-year, was the dominant factor accounting for more than 70% of the variation for both seed composition and yield”
e5“other management practices such as no-till, seed treatment, foliar nutrient application, and fungicide showed mixed results”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide had mixed effects on soybean seed composition and yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fungicidee5
- Outcome
- seed composition and yielde2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e2“Environment (E), defined as site-year, was the dominant factor accounting for more than 70% of the variation for both seed composition and yield”
e5“other management practices such as no-till, seed treatment, foliar nutrient application, and fungicide showed mixed results”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer N at 10-50 kg N ha-1 increased soybean oil and protein concentration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Fertilizer N application in lower quantities (10-50 kg N ha-1)e6
- Outcome
- oil and protein concentratione6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e6“Fertilizer N application in lower quantities (10-50 kg N ha-1) increased both oil and protein concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer N at rates above 100 kg N ha-1 improved soybean seed yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- rates above 100 kg N ha-1e7
- Outcome
- seed yielde7
- Direction
- improvede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e7“seed yield was improved with rates above 100 kg N ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
At southern latitudes, later maturity groups (3 to 7) were associated with a reduction in soybean oil.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- later maturity groups (MG, from 3 to 7)e1
- Outcome
- oile1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Setting
- southern latitudes (30-35oN)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e1“At southern latitudes (30-35oN), trends of reduction in oil and increases in protein concentrations with later maturity groups (MG, from 3 to 7) was found”
Claim · model-written summary
At southern latitudes, later maturity groups (3 to 7) were associated with increased soybean protein concentration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- later maturity groups (MG, from 3 to 7)e1
- Outcome
- protein concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Setting
- southern latitudes (30-35oN)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices”
e1“At southern latitudes (30-35oN), trends of reduction in oil and increases in protein concentrations with later maturity groups (MG, from 3 to 7) was found”
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