Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC: 2.5.1.18) and Glyoxalases [Glyoxalase-I (Gly-I, EC: 4.4.1.5) and glyoxalase-II (Gly-II, EC: 3.1.2.6)] are major glutathione dependent detoxification as well as important antioxidants enzymes in plants. On the other hand, proline and betaine are important osmoprotectants in plants under abiotic stresses including salinity. In this study, roles of GST, Gly-I, Gly-II and glutathione were investigated on cytotoxic metabolites in presence of 15 mM proline and betaine under 16 dSm-1 salinity in leaves of seedlings of a saline tolerant maize inbred CZ-10 to understand the underlying saline tolerant mechanism. The salinity stress increased the contents of H2O2, melondialdehyde (MDA), methylglyoxal (MG) along with decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione redox state over control. The activities of GST and Gly-I increased under saline stress. However, activity of Gly-II decreased with stress duration. The application of proline and betaine in saline water reduced the contents of H2O2, MDA and MG. Conversely, proline and betaine increased the activities of GST, Gly-I and Gly-II, and GSH and glutathione-redox state over salinity stress. The western blotting of the soluble protein also suggested the accumulation of maize GST in leaf under salinity stress. The accumulation of GST along with reduced contents of H2O2 and MDA suggested its detoxification roles on organic hydroperoxides under saline stress. The higher activities of Gly-I and Gly-II concurrently with lower content of MG indicated their protective roles from cytotoxic MG. Considering all, this study concluded that both proline and betaine provided protective roles in maize seedlings under salinity stress by maintaining GSH and its related detoxification enzymes.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased H2O2, MDA and MG contents.
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- contents of H2O2, melondialdehyde (MDA), methylglyoxal (MG)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The salinity stress increased the contents of H2O2, melondialdehyde (MDA), methylglyoxal (MG) along with decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione redox state over control.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased GSH and glutathione redox state.
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione redox statee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The salinity stress increased the contents of H2O2, melondialdehyde (MDA), methylglyoxal (MG) along with decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione redox state over control.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased GST and Gly-I activities.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of GST and Gly-I increased under saline stress.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Gly-II activity declined with stress duration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, activity of Gly-II decreased with stress duration.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline reduced H2O2, MDA and MG contents under salinity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of proline and betaine in saline water reduced the contents of H2O2, MDA and MG.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Betaine reduced H2O2, MDA and MG contents under salinity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of proline and betaine in saline water reduced the contents of H2O2, MDA and MG.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased GST, Gly-I and Gly-II activities.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, proline and betaine increased the activities of GST, Gly-I and Gly-II, and GSH and glutathione-redox state over salinity stress.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Betaine increased GST, Gly-I and Gly-II activities.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, proline and betaine increased the activities of GST, Gly-I and Gly-II, and GSH and glutathione-redox state over salinity stress.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased GSH and glutathione redox state.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, proline and betaine increased the activities of GST, Gly-I and Gly-II, and GSH and glutathione-redox state over salinity stress.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Betaine increased GSH and glutathione redox state.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, proline and betaine increased the activities of GST, Gly-I and Gly-II, and GSH and glutathione-redox state over salinity stress.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble maize GST accumulated in leaves under salinity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The western blotting of the soluble protein also suggested the accumulation of maize GST in leaf under salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
GST accumulation with lower H2O2 and MDA suggested detoxification of organic hydroperoxides.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of GST along with reduced contents of H2O2 and MDA suggested its detoxification roles on organic hydroperoxides under saline stress.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Gly-I and Gly-II activities with lower MG suggested protection against cytotoxic MG.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher activities of Gly-I and Gly-II concurrently with lower content of MG indicated their protective roles from cytotoxic MG.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline and betaine were concluded to protect maize seedlings under salinity through GSH and detoxification enzymes.
- Treatment
- proline and betainee0
- Outcome
- protective roles in maize seedlings under salinity stresse0
- Qualifier
- maintaining GSH and its related detoxification enzymese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both proline and betaine provided protective roles in maize seedlings under salinity stress by maintaining GSH and its related detoxification enzymes.”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 8 papers →proline · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
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4 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 5 papers →glycine betaine · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
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14 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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See all 15 papers →salinity · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
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33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →salinity · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
39 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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48 papers more in this group
See all 52 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.