Abstract
Improper water and nutrients management are the two main factors that adversely affect the growth and crop productivity under moisture stress (drought) condition in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Foliar nutrient management could not only apply nutrients to the hungry crops but it could also be beneficial in terms of providing water to the thirsty crops under moisture stress condition. This field experiment was designed to investigate effects of foliar NPK (2% each) applied alone and in various combinations (N, P, K, N + P, N + K, P + K and N + P + K) and their application time (one split at 30 and 60 days after emergence (DAE), and two equal splits at 30 + 60 DAE) on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L., cv. Azam) under moisture stress condition at the Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during summer 2011. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design using three replications. The results revealed that the rest (all foliar treated plots) plots significantly took more time to physiological maturity (88.2 days), produced taller plants (221 cm), higher mean single leaf area (413 cm2), biological yield (10285 kg ha-1), heavier grains (229 g/1000 grains), grains ear-1 (376), grain yield (2896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (28.2%) than the control plots (foliar nutrients not applied). Sole application of N, P, and K in one split (2% each) at the early growth stage (30 DAE) decreased grain yield in maize, while combined application of N+P and N+P+K in one split at 30 DAE or 60 DAE or in two equal splits (1% each at 30 and 60 DAE) increased grain yield in maize. It was concluded from the results that combined foliar application of the three major nutrients (N+P+K) at the rate of 1% each in two equal splits at 30 and 60 DAE increased maize productivity under moisture stress condition in the study area
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments increased maize time to physiological maturity relative to untreated control to 88.2 days.
- Treatment
- all foliar treated plotse0
- Outcome
- time to physiological maturitye0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 88.2 dayse0
- Comparator
- control plots (foliar nutrients not applied)e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rest (all foliar treated plots) plots significantly took more time to physiological maturity (88.2 days), produced taller plants (221 cm), higher mean single leaf area (413 cm2), biological yield (10285 kg ha-1), heavier grains (229 g/1000 grains), grains ear-1 (376), grain yield (2896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (28.2%) than the control plots (foliar nutrients not applied).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments increased maize plants relative to untreated control to 221 cm.
- Treatment
- all foliar treated plotse0
- Outcome
- plantse0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Value
- 221 cme0
- Comparator
- control plots (foliar nutrients not applied)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rest (all foliar treated plots) plots significantly took more time to physiological maturity (88.2 days), produced taller plants (221 cm), higher mean single leaf area (413 cm2), biological yield (10285 kg ha-1), heavier grains (229 g/1000 grains), grains ear-1 (376), grain yield (2896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (28.2%) than the control plots (foliar nutrients not applied).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments increased maize mean single leaf area relative to untreated control to 413 cm2.
- Treatment
- all foliar treated plotse0
- Outcome
- mean single leaf areae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 413 cm2e0
- Comparator
- control plots (foliar nutrients not applied)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rest (all foliar treated plots) plots significantly took more time to physiological maturity (88.2 days), produced taller plants (221 cm), higher mean single leaf area (413 cm2), biological yield (10285 kg ha-1), heavier grains (229 g/1000 grains), grains ear-1 (376), grain yield (2896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (28.2%) than the control plots (foliar nutrients not applied).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments increased maize biological yield relative to untreated control to 10285 kg ha-1.
- Treatment
- all foliar treated plotse0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10285 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- control plots (foliar nutrients not applied)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rest (all foliar treated plots) plots significantly took more time to physiological maturity (88.2 days), produced taller plants (221 cm), higher mean single leaf area (413 cm2), biological yield (10285 kg ha-1), heavier grains (229 g/1000 grains), grains ear-1 (376), grain yield (2896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (28.2%) than the control plots (foliar nutrients not applied).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments increased maize grains relative to untreated control to 229 g/1000 grains.
- Treatment
- all foliar treated plotse0
- Outcome
- grainse0
- Direction
- heaviere0
- Value
- 229 g/1000 grainse0
- Comparator
- control plots (foliar nutrients not applied)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rest (all foliar treated plots) plots significantly took more time to physiological maturity (88.2 days), produced taller plants (221 cm), higher mean single leaf area (413 cm2), biological yield (10285 kg ha-1), heavier grains (229 g/1000 grains), grains ear-1 (376), grain yield (2896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (28.2%) than the control plots (foliar nutrients not applied).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments increased maize grains ear-1 relative to untreated control to 376.
- Treatment
- all foliar treated plotse0
- Outcome
- grains ear-1e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 376e0
- Comparator
- control plots (foliar nutrients not applied)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rest (all foliar treated plots) plots significantly took more time to physiological maturity (88.2 days), produced taller plants (221 cm), higher mean single leaf area (413 cm2), biological yield (10285 kg ha-1), heavier grains (229 g/1000 grains), grains ear-1 (376), grain yield (2896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (28.2%) than the control plots (foliar nutrients not applied).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments increased maize grain yield relative to untreated control to 2896 kg ha-1.
- Treatment
- all foliar treated plotse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2896 kg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- control plots (foliar nutrients not applied)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rest (all foliar treated plots) plots significantly took more time to physiological maturity (88.2 days), produced taller plants (221 cm), higher mean single leaf area (413 cm2), biological yield (10285 kg ha-1), heavier grains (229 g/1000 grains), grains ear-1 (376), grain yield (2896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (28.2%) than the control plots (foliar nutrients not applied).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatments increased maize harvest index relative to untreated control to 28.2%.
- Treatment
- all foliar treated plotse0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 28.2%e0
- Comparator
- control plots (foliar nutrients not applied)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rest (all foliar treated plots) plots significantly took more time to physiological maturity (88.2 days), produced taller plants (221 cm), higher mean single leaf area (413 cm2), biological yield (10285 kg ha-1), heavier grains (229 g/1000 grains), grains ear-1 (376), grain yield (2896 kg ha-1) and harvest index (28.2%) than the control plots (foliar nutrients not applied).”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N at 30 DAE reduced maize grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole application of N, P, and K in one split (2% each) at the early growth stage (30 DAE) decreased grain yield in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P at 30 DAE reduced maize grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole application of N, P, and K in one split (2% each) at the early growth stage (30 DAE) decreased grain yield in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
K at 30 DAE reduced maize grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole application of N, P, and K in one split (2% each) at the early growth stage (30 DAE) decreased grain yield in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N+P increased maize grain yield across the stated application timings.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of N+P and N+P+K in one split at 30 DAE or 60 DAE or in two equal splits (1% each at 30 and 60 DAE) increased grain yield in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N+P+K increased maize grain yield across the stated application timings.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of N+P and N+P+K in one split at 30 DAE or 60 DAE or in two equal splits (1% each at 30 and 60 DAE) increased grain yield in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that split N+P+K at 1% each increased maize productivity under moisture stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined foliar application of the three major nutrients (N+P+K) at the rate of 1% each in two equal splits at 30 and 60 DAE increased maize productivity under moisture stress condition in the study area”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
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