Abstract
Dehydrins (DHNs; late embryogenesis abundant D-11) are a family of plant proteins induced in response to environmental stresses such as water stress, salinity and freezing or which occur during the late stages of embryogenesis. Previously, it was reported that citrus contains a small gene family encoding a unique class of dehydrins that differs from most other plant dehydrins in various respects, such as having an unusual K-segment similar to that of gymnosperms. In the present study, we identified by cDNA differential display analysis a 'Navel' orange 202-bp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment, which encoded the typical plant angiosperm-type K-segment consensus sequence, and of which the expression was down-regulated by exposure to low oxygen levels. The full-length cDNA sequence of the orange DHN, designated csDHN (for Citrus sinensis DHN), was further isolated by 5'-and 3'-RACE; it had a total length of 933 bp and encoded a predicted polypeptide of 235 amino acids. In addition, the same 202-bp 'Navel' dehydrin PCR fragment was used to screen a 'Star Ruby' grapefruit flavedo cDNA library, and its full-length grapefruit homologue, designated cpDHN (for C. paradisi DHN) was isolated and found to have a total length of 1024 bp and to encode a predicted polypeptide of 234 amino acids. The defined orange and grapefruit DHN proteins were completely identical in the 196 amino acids of their N-terminus but differed in their C-terminus region. Overall, the csDHN and cpDHN proteins share 84% identity and contain the conserved dehydrin serine cluster (S-segment) and a putative nuclear localization signal, but csDHN has one conserved dehydrin K-segment consensus sequence, whereas cpDHN contains two dehydrin K-segments. Both csDHN and cpDHN represent single copy genes, in 'Navel' orange and 'Star Ruby' grapefruit genomes, respectively. We found that the cpDHN gene was consistently expressed in the fruit peel tissue at harvest, but that its message levels dramatically decreased during storage at either ambient or low temperatures. However, a pre-storage hot water treatment, given to enhance fruit-chilling tolerance, increased cpDHN mRNA levels during the first 3 weeks of cold storage at 2 degrees C, and enabled the message levels to be retained for up to a further 8 weeks of cold storage at 2 degrees C. The hot water treatment by itself had no inductive effect on cpDHN gene expression when the fruits were held at non-chilling temperatures. Other stresses applied to the fruit, such as wounding, UV irradiation, water stress, low oxygen and exposure to the stress hormone ethylene decreased DHN mRNA levels, whereas abscisic acid had no effect at all.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of the orange DHN PCR fragment was down-regulated by low oxygen.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a 'Navel' orange 202-bp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment”
e1“of which the expression was down-regulated by exposure to low oxygen levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The cpDHN gene was consistently expressed in grapefruit fruit peel at harvest.
- Taxon
- grapefruit
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=60)
Citrus ×paradisit0 - Organ / stage
- fruit peel tissuee2
- Gene
- cpDHNe2
- Outcome
- the cpDHN gene was consistently expressede2
- Qualifier
- at harveste2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e2“the cpDHN gene was consistently expressed in the fruit peel tissue at harvest, but that its message levels dramatically decreased during storage at either ambient or low temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Message levels of cpDHN decreased dramatically during storage at ambient or low temperatures compared with harvest.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- storage at either ambient or low temperaturese2
- Gene
- cpDHNe2
- Outcome
- message levelse2
- Direction
- dramatically decreasede2
- Comparator
- at harveste2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e2“the cpDHN gene was consistently expressed in the fruit peel tissue at harvest, but that its message levels dramatically decreased during storage at either ambient or low temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
A pre-storage hot water treatment increased cpDHN mRNA levels during the first 3 weeks of cold storage at 2 degrees C.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- pre-storage hot water treatmente3
- Gene
- cpDHNe3
- Outcome
- cpDHN mRNA levelse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- during the first 3 weeks of cold storage at 2 degrees Ce3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e3“a pre-storage hot water treatment, given to enhance fruit-chilling tolerance, increased cpDHN mRNA levels during the first 3 weeks of cold storage at 2 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
A pre-storage hot water treatment enabled cpDHN message levels to be retained for up to a further 8 weeks of cold storage at 2 degrees C.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- pre-storage hot water treatmente3
- Outcome
- message levelse4
- Direction
- retainede4
- Qualifier
- for up to a further 8 weeks of cold storage at 2 degrees Ce4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e3“a pre-storage hot water treatment, given to enhance fruit-chilling tolerance, increased cpDHN mRNA levels during the first 3 weeks of cold storage at 2 degrees C”
e4“enabled the message levels to be retained for up to a further 8 weeks of cold storage at 2 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
The hot water treatment by itself had no inductive effect on cpDHN gene expression at non-chilling temperatures.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- hot water treatment by itselfe5
- Gene
- cpDHNe5
- Outcome
- cpDHN gene expressione5
- Direction
- no inductive effecte5
- Qualifier
- when the fruits were held at non-chilling temperaturese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e5“The hot water treatment by itself had no inductive effect on cpDHN gene expression when the fruits were held at non-chilling temperatures”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding decreased DHN mRNA levels in citrus fruit.
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e6“Other stresses applied to the fruit, such as wounding, UV irradiation, water stress, low oxygen and exposure to the stress hormone ethylene decreased DHN mRNA levels”
Claim · model-written summary
UV irradiation decreased DHN mRNA levels in citrus fruit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e6“Other stresses applied to the fruit, such as wounding, UV irradiation, water stress, low oxygen and exposure to the stress hormone ethylene decreased DHN mRNA levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress decreased DHN mRNA levels in citrus fruit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e6“Other stresses applied to the fruit, such as wounding, UV irradiation, water stress, low oxygen and exposure to the stress hormone ethylene decreased DHN mRNA levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Low oxygen decreased DHN mRNA levels in citrus fruit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e6“Other stresses applied to the fruit, such as wounding, UV irradiation, water stress, low oxygen and exposure to the stress hormone ethylene decreased DHN mRNA levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to the stress hormone ethylene decreased DHN mRNA levels in citrus fruit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e6“Other stresses applied to the fruit, such as wounding, UV irradiation, water stress, low oxygen and exposure to the stress hormone ethylene decreased DHN mRNA levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscisic acid had no effect on DHN mRNA levels in citrus fruit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e6“Other stresses applied to the fruit, such as wounding, UV irradiation, water stress, low oxygen and exposure to the stress hormone ethylene decreased DHN mRNA levels”
e7“whereas abscisic acid had no effect at all”
Claim · model-written summary
The csDHN and cpDHN proteins share 84% identity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e6“Overall, the csDHN and cpDHN proteins share 84% identity”
Claim · model-written summary
The csDHN and cpDHN genes are single copy genes in orange and grapefruit genomes.
Verbatim
e0“Both csDHN and cpDHN represent single copy genes, in 'Navel' orange and 'Star Ruby' grapefruit genomes”
Claim · model-written summary
The orange and grapefruit DHN proteins are completely identical in the first 196 amino acids of their N-terminus.
- Outcome
- identical in the 196 amino acids of their N-terminuse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e6“were completely identical in the 196 amino acids of their N-terminus but differed in their C-terminus region”
Claim · model-written summary
The orange and grapefruit DHN proteins differ in their C-terminus region.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“orange and grapefruit citrus fruit”
e6“were completely identical in the 196 amino acids of their N-terminus but differed in their C-terminus region”
Claim · model-written summary
The full-length csDHN cDNA of orange has a total length of 933 bp.
Verbatim
e0“The full-length cDNA sequence of the orange DHN, designated csDHN”
e1“it had a total length of 933 bp”
Claim · model-written summary
The full-length cpDHN cDNA of grapefruit has a total length of 1024 bp.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisie0
- Gene
- cpDHNe0
- Outcome
- total lengthe1
- Value
- 1024 bpe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its full-length grapefruit homologue, designated cpDHN”
e1“found to have a total length of 1024 bp”
The same questions in other papers
ethene · molecular: expression · CitrusPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
heat · molecular: expression · Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
drought · molecular: expression · CitrusPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →mechanical · molecular: expression · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.