Abstract
A combination of hot water (a rinse at 62 degrees C for 20 s) and conditioning (pre-storage at 16 degrees C for 7 d) treatments synergistically reduced chilling injury development in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi, cv. "Star Ruby") during cold storage at 2 degrees C, suggesting that the treatments may activate different chilling tolerance responses. To study the molecular mechanisms involved, chilling- and conditioning-responsive genes were isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cDNA subtraction, cDNA libraries were constructed from hot water- and conditioning-treated fruit, and cDNA sequencing was used to identify putative stress-responsive and chilling tolerance genes. PCR cDNA subtraction revealed the identification of 17 chilling-responsive and heat- and conditioning-induced genes, and the expression patterns of 11 additional stress-related genes, antioxidant defensive genes, and genes encoding enzymes involved in membrane lipid modifications were characterized. It was found that hot water and conditioning treatments had little effect on gene expression by themselves, but rather had a priming effect, and enabled the fruit to activate their defence responses after subsequent exposure to chilling. RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the expression patterns of eight genes, including HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein (USP), EIN2, 1,3;4-beta-D-glucanase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were specifically regulated by the heat treatment, and four genes, including fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP), were specifically regulated by the conditioning treatment. Furthermore, four more genes were identified, including a translation initiation factor (SUI1), a chaperonin, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), that were commonly regulated by both heat and conditioning treatments. According to these data, it is suggested that pre-storage heat and conditioning treatments may enhance fruit chilling tolerance by activating different molecular mechanisms. The hot water treatment activates mainly the expression of various stress-related genes, whereas the conditioning treatment activates mainly the expression of lipid membrane modification enzymes.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water plus conditioning treatments synergistically reduced chilling injury in grapefruit during cold storage at 2 °C.
- Taxon
- grapefruit
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=60)
Citrus ×paradisit0 - Treatment
- A combination of hot water (a rinse at 62 degrees C for 20 s) and conditioning (pre-storage at 16 degrees C for 7 d) treatmentse0
- Outcome
- chilling injury developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- synergisticallye0
- Setting
- cold storage at 2 degrees Ce1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e0“A combination of hot water (a rinse at 62 degrees C for 20 s) and conditioning (pre-storage at 16 degrees C for 7 d) treatments synergistically reduced chilling injury development in grapefruit”
e1“during cold storage at 2 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water and conditioning treatments had little effect on gene expression by themselves.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- hot water and conditioning treatmentse1
- Outcome
- gene expressione1
- Direction
- little effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e1“It was found that hot water and conditioning treatments had little effect on gene expression by themselves”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water and conditioning treatments had a priming effect that enabled grapefruit to activate defence responses after chilling.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- hot water and conditioning treatmentse1
- Outcome
- defence responsese2
- Qualifier
- priming effecte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e1“hot water and conditioning treatments had little effect on gene expression by themselves”
e2“but rather had a priming effect, and enabled the fruit to activate their defence responses after subsequent exposure to chilling”
Claim · model-written summary
PCR cDNA subtraction identified 17 chilling-responsive and heat- and conditioning-induced genes in grapefruit.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Outcome
- genese3
- Value
- 17e3
- Qualifier
- chilling-responsive and heat- and conditioning-inducede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e3“PCR cDNA subtraction revealed the identification of 17 chilling-responsive and heat- and conditioning-induced genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression patterns of 11 additional stress-related, antioxidant and lipid-modification genes were characterized in grapefruit.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Outcome
- expression patternse4
- Value
- 11e4
- Qualifier
- stress-related genese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e4“the expression patterns of 11 additional stress-related genes, antioxidant defensive genes, and genes encoding enzymes involved in membrane lipid modifications were characterized”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment specifically regulated HSP19-I in grapefruit.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- heat treatmente5
- Gene
- HSP19-Ie5
- Outcome
- expression patternse5
- Direction
- specifically regulatede5
- Qualifier
- HSP19-II, dehydrine5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e5“RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the expression patterns of eight genes, including HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein (USP), EIN2, 1,3;4-beta-D-glucanase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were specifically regulated by the heat treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment specifically regulated EIN2 in grapefruit.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- heat treatmente5
- Gene
- EIN2e5
- Outcome
- expression patternse5
- Direction
- specifically regulatede5
- Qualifier
- 1,3;4-beta-D-glucanasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e5“RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the expression patterns of eight genes, including HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein (USP), EIN2, 1,3;4-beta-D-glucanase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were specifically regulated by the heat treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment specifically regulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) in grapefruit.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- heat treatmente5
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e5
- Outcome
- expression patternse5
- Direction
- specifically regulatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e5“RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the expression patterns of eight genes, including HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein (USP), EIN2, 1,3;4-beta-D-glucanase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were specifically regulated by the heat treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Conditioning treatment specifically regulated fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2) in grapefruit.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- conditioning treatmente6
- Gene
- fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2)e6
- Outcome
- expression patternse5
- Direction
- specifically regulatede6
- Qualifier
- lipid transfer protein (LTP)e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e5“the expression patterns of eight genes”
e6“and four genes, including fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP), were specifically regulated by the conditioning treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Translation initiation factor SUI1 was commonly regulated by heat and conditioning treatments in grapefruit.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- both heat and conditioning treatmentse7
- Gene
- translation initiation factor (SUI1)e7
- Outcome
- four more genese7
- Direction
- commonly regulatede7
- Qualifier
- a chaperonin, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e7“Furthermore, four more genes were identified, including a translation initiation factor (SUI1), a chaperonin, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), that were commonly regulated by both heat and conditioning treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-storage heat and conditioning treatments may enhance grapefruit chilling tolerance by activating different molecular mechanisms.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- pre-storage heat and conditioning treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit chilling tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- different molecular mechanismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e0“pre-storage heat and conditioning treatments may enhance fruit chilling tolerance by activating different molecular mechanisms”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water treatment mainly activated expression of various stress-related genes in grapefruit.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- hot water treatmente6
- Outcome
- expression of various stress-related genese6
- Qualifier
- mainlye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e6“The hot water treatment activates mainly the expression of various stress-related genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Conditioning treatment mainly activated expression of lipid membrane modification enzymes in grapefruit.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisit0
- Treatment
- conditioning treatmente7
- Outcome
- expression of lipid membrane modification enzymese7
- Qualifier
- mainlye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“reduce chilling injuries in grapefruit”
e7“the conditioning treatment activates mainly the expression of lipid membrane modification enzymes”
The same questions in other papers
heat · molecular: expression · Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
heat · crop injury · Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.