Abstract
Summary Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations in open top chambers and in field‐tracking sun‐lit climatized enclosures (elevated is 718 μL L –1 ). There was no significant effect of CO 2 concentration on sheath, leaf and root biomass and leaf area in the early spring (January to April). 24‐h canopy CO 2 exchange rate (CCER) was not significantly affected either. However, elevated CO 2 concentration increased CCER at midday, decreased evapotranspiration rate and increased instantaneous water‐use‐efficiency during early spring. Leaf, sheath and root nitrogen concentration per unit dry weight decreased and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration increased under elevated CO 2 , and N‐uptake per unit ground area decreased significantly (– 22%) towards the end of this period. These results contrast with results from the final harvest, when grain yield and biomass were increased by 19% under elevated CO 2 . N concentration per dry weight was reduced by 5%, but N‐uptake per unit ground area was significantly higher (+ 11%) for the elevated CO 2 treatment. 24‐h and midday‐CCER increased significantly more in late spring (period of 21 April to 30 May) (respectively by + 40% and 53%) than in the early spring (respectively 5% and 19%) in response to elevated CO 2 . Midday evapotranspiration rate was reduced less by elevated CO 2 in the late spring (– 13%) than in early spring (– 21%). The CO 2 response of midday and 24‐h CCER decreased again (+ 27% and + 23% resp.) towards the end of the growing season. We conclude that the low response to CO 2 concentration during the early spring was associated with a growth‐restriction, caused by low temperature and irradiance levels. The reduction of nitrogen concentration, the increase of nonstructural carbohydrate, and the lower evapotranspiration indicated that CO 2 did have an effect towards the end of early spring, but not on biomass accumulation. Regression analysis showed that both irradiance and temperature affected the response to CO 2 .
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 had no significant effect on sheath, leaf and root biomass and leaf area in early spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione1
- Outcome
- sheath, leaf and root biomass and leaf areae1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Qualifier
- in the early springe1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“There was no significant effect of CO 2 concentration on sheath, leaf and root biomass and leaf area in the early spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 did not significantly affect 24-h canopy CO2 exchange rate in early spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- 24‐h canopy CO 2 exchange rate (CCER)e1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“24‐h canopy CO 2 exchange rate (CCER) was not significantly affected either”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased midday canopy CO2 exchange rate in early spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2 concentratione1
- Outcome
- CCER at middaye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“elevated CO 2 concentration increased CCER at midday”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased evapotranspiration rate in early spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- evapotranspiration ratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“decreased evapotranspiration rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased instantaneous water-use-efficiency during early spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- instantaneous water‐use‐efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“increased instantaneous water‐use‐efficiency during early spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased leaf, sheath and root nitrogen concentration per unit dry weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Leaf, sheath and roote1
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen concentration per unit dry weighte1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“Leaf, sheath and root nitrogen concentration per unit dry weight decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased nonstructural carbohydrate concentration.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- nonstructural carbohydrate concentratione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“nonstructural carbohydrate concentration increased under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased N-uptake per unit ground area significantly by 22% towards the end of early spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- N‐uptake per unit ground areae1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- – 22%e1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“N‐uptake per unit ground area decreased significantly (– 22%) towards the end of this period”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased grain yield and biomass by 19% at final harvest.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- grain yield and biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 19%e1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“when grain yield and biomass were increased by 19% under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced N concentration per dry weight by 5% at final harvest.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- N concentration per dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 5%e1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“N concentration per dry weight was reduced by 5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly increased N-uptake per unit ground area by 11% at final harvest.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- N‐uptake per unit ground areae1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- + 11%e1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“N‐uptake per unit ground area was significantly higher (+ 11%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased 24-h CCER by 40% in late spring, more than in early spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- CCERe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- + 40%e1
- Qualifier
- 24‐he1
- Comparator
- early springe1
- Setting
- late springe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“24‐h and midday‐CCER increased significantly more in late spring (period of 21 April to 30 May) (respectively by + 40% and 53%) than in the early spring (respectively 5% and 19%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased midday CCER by 53% in late spring, more than in early spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- midday‐CCERe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 53%e1
- Comparator
- early springe1
- Setting
- late springe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“24‐h and midday‐CCER increased significantly more in late spring (period of 21 April to 30 May) (respectively by + 40% and 53%) than in the early spring (respectively 5% and 19%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 reduced midday evapotranspiration less in late spring than in early spring.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- Midday evapotranspiration ratee1
- Direction
- reduced lesse1
- Value
- – 13%e1
- Comparator
- early springe1
- Setting
- late springe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“Midday evapotranspiration rate was reduced less by elevated CO 2 in the late spring (– 13%) than in early spring (– 21%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The CO2 response of midday CCER decreased again towards the end of the growing season.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- CO2 response of middaye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- + 27%e1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
- Setting
- towards the end of the growing seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“The CO2 response of midday and 24‐h CCER decreased again (+ 27% and + 23% resp.) towards the end of the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
The CO2 response of 24-h CCER decreased again towards the end of the growing season.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 concentratione0
- Outcome
- 24‐h CCERe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- + 23%e1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
- Setting
- towards the end of the growing seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e0“Winter wheat was grown at ambient and elevated (ambient plus 350 μL L –1 ) CO 2 concentrations”
e1“The CO2 response of midday and 24‐h CCER decreased again (+ 27% and + 23% resp.) towards the end of the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
The low response to CO2 in early spring was associated with growth restriction caused by low temperature and irradiance levels.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- low response to CO 2 concentration during the early springe1
- Qualifier
- caused by low temperature and irradiance levelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e1“the low response to CO 2 concentration during the early spring was associated with a growth‐restriction, caused by low temperature and irradiance levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiance and temperature both affected the response of winter wheat to CO2 in regression analysis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irradiance and temperaturee1
- Outcome
- response to CO 2e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“response of winter wheat to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration”
e1“both irradiance and temperature affected the response to CO 2”
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