Abstract
Spring wheat cv. Minaret was grown under three carbon dioxide (CO2) and two ozone (O3) concentrations from seedling emergence to maturity in open-top chambers. Under elevated CO2 concentrations, the green leaf area index of the main shoot was increased, largely due to an increase in green leaf area duration. Biomass increased linearly in response to increasing CO2 (ambient, 550 and 680 ppm). At anthesis, stem and ear dry weights and plant height were increased by up to 174%, 5% and 9 cm, respectively, and biomass at maturity was 23% greater in the 680 ppm treatment as compared to the ambient control. Grain numbers per spikelet and per ear were increased by 0.2 and 5 grains, respectively, and this, coupled with a higher number of ears bearing tillers, increased grain yield by up to 33%. Exposure to a 7 h daily mean O3 concentration of 60 ppb induced premature leaf senescence during early vegetative growth (leaves 1–7) under ambient CO2 concentrations. Damage to the main shoot and possible seedling mortality during the first 3 weeks of exposure altered canopy structure and increased the proportion of tillers 1 and 2 which survived to produce ears at maturity was increased; as a result, grain yield was not significantly affected. In contrast to the older leaves, the flag leaf (leaf 8) sustained no visible O3 damage, and mean grain yield per ear was not affected. Interactions between elevated CO2 and O3 influenced the severity of visible leaf damage (leaves 1–7), with elevated CO2 apparently protecting against O3-induced premature senescence during early vegetative growth. The data suggest that the flag leaf of Minaret, a major source of assimilate during grain fill, may be relatively insensitive to O3 exposure. Possible mechanisms involved in damage and/or recovery are discussed.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased main shoot green leaf area index.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- elevated CO2 concentrationse0
- Outcome
- green leaf area index of the main shoote0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under elevated CO2 concentrations, the green leaf area index of the main shoot was increased, largely due to an increase in green leaf area duration.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased green leaf area duration.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 concentrationse0
- Outcome
- green leaf area duratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under elevated CO2 concentrations, the green leaf area index of the main shoot was increased, largely due to an increase in green leaf area duration.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass increased linearly with CO2.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing CO2e0
- Outcome
- Biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass increased linearly in response to increasing CO2 (ambient, 550 and 680 ppm).”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem dry weight increased up to 174% at anthesis.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- stem and ear dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 174%e0
- Comparator
- ambient controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At anthesis, stem and ear dry weights and plant height were increased by up to 174%, 5% and 9 cm, respectively, and biomass at maturity was 23% greater in the 680 ppm treatment as compared to the ambient control.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear dry weight increased up to 5% at anthesis.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- ear dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Comparator
- ambient controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At anthesis, stem and ear dry weights and plant height were increased by up to 174%, 5% and 9 cm, respectively, and biomass at maturity was 23% greater in the 680 ppm treatment as compared to the ambient control.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height increased up to 9 cm at anthesis.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9 cme0
- Comparator
- ambient controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At anthesis, stem and ear dry weights and plant height were increased by up to 174%, 5% and 9 cm, respectively, and biomass at maturity was 23% greater in the 680 ppm treatment as compared to the ambient control.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature biomass was 23% greater at 680 ppm CO2.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 680 ppm treatmente0
- Outcome
- biomass at maturitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- ambient controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biomass at maturity was 23% greater in the 680 ppm treatment as compared to the ambient control.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number per spikelet increased by 0.2.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- Grain numbers per spikelete0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain numbers per spikelet and per ear were increased by 0.2 and 5 grains, respectively, and this, coupled with a higher number of ears bearing tillers, increased grain yield by up to 33%.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number per ear increased by 5 grains.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- per eare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5 grainse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain numbers per spikelet and per ear were increased by 0.2 and 5 grains, respectively, and this, coupled with a higher number of ears bearing tillers, increased grain yield by up to 33%.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ears on tillers became more numerous.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- number of ears bearing tillerse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coupled with a higher number of ears bearing tillers, increased grain yield by up to 33%.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield rose by up to 33%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coupled with a higher number of ears bearing tillers, increased grain yield by up to 33%.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone induced premature senescence in leaves 1–7 under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 7 h daily mean O3 concentration of 60 ppbe0
- Outcome
- premature leaf senescencee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to a 7 h daily mean O3 concentration of 60 ppb induced premature leaf senescence during early vegetative growth (leaves 1–7) under ambient CO2 concentrations.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early ozone damage and possible mortality altered canopy structure.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ozonet0
- Outcome
- canopy structuree0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Damage to the main shoot and possible seedling mortality during the first 3 weeks of exposure altered canopy structure”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The surviving proportion of tillers 1 and 2 increased.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ozonet0
- Outcome
- proportion of tillers 1 and 2 which survived to produce ears at maturitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the proportion of tillers 1 and 2 which survived to produce ears at maturity”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone did not significantly affect grain yield.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ozonet0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield was not significantly affected.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The flag leaf sustained no visible ozone damage.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leaf (leaf 8)e0
- Outcome
- no visible O3 damagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the flag leaf (leaf 8) sustained no visible O3 damage”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean grain yield per ear was unaffected.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ozonet0
- Outcome
- mean grain yield per eare0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mean grain yield per ear was not affected.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 apparently protected against ozone-induced senescence.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- O3-induced premature senescencee0
- Direction
- protectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO2 apparently protecting against O3-induced premature senescence during early vegetative growth.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The Minaret flag leaf may be relatively insensitive to ozone.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Minarete0
- Outcome
- relatively insensitive to O3 exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The data suggest that the flag leaf of Minaret, a major source of assimilate during grain fill, may be relatively insensitive to O3 exposure.”
t0“Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on the growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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