Abstract
Abstract Concentrations of CO 2 are commonly suboptimal for plant production in greenhouses. Here, a new strategy using crop‐residues and animal‐manure composting (CRAM) was developed to increase CO 2 concentration throughout the day. During the whole cultivation period, CRAM‐treated greenhouses had CO 2 concentrations that were more than twice that of the control greenhouses. This resulted in yields of celery ( Apium graveolens L.), leaf lettuce ( Lactuca virosa L.), stem lettuce (Lactuca saiva L.), oily sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.), and Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis L.) that were 270%, 257%, 87%, 140%, and 227% higher than those in control greenhouses, respectively. The effect of CRAM on vegetable‐quality parameters was also examined. Nitrate concentrations deceased in celery, leaf lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage by 8%, 36%, 30%, and 20%, respectively. The concentrations of soluble sugars in oily sowthistle and Chinese cabbage were significantly increased by the composting procedure. In addition, the ascorbic acid concentrations increased in all five species, with average increases of 13%, 39%, 25%, 72%, and 37% for celery, leaf lettuce, stem lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage, respectively. It is concluded that CO 2 fertilization using CRAM in greenhouses increases yields and improves quality of common vegetables.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Composting-based CO2 enrichment (CRAM) raised greenhouse CO2 concentration to more than twice that of control greenhouses throughout cultivation.
- Treatment
- CRAMe1
- Outcome
- CO 2 concentrationse1
- Direction
- more than twicee1
- Value
- more than twicee1
- Comparator
- control greenhousese1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“CRAM-treated greenhouses had CO 2 concentrations that were more than twice that of the control greenhouses”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased celery yield by 270% compared with control greenhouses.
- Taxon
- celery
%2C_Elswick%2C_Northumberland_4.jpg?width=60)
Apium graveolens Dulce Groupe1 - Treatment
- CRAMe2
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 270%e1
- Comparator
- control greenhousese1
- Setting
- greenhousese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
%2C_Elswick%2C_Northumberland_4.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“This resulted in yields of celery ( Apium graveolens L.), leaf lettuce ( Lactuca virosa L.), stem lettuce (Lactuca saiva L.), oily sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.), and Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis L.) that were 270%, 257%, 87%, 140%, and 227% higher than those in control greenhouses, respectively”
e2“CRAM-treated greenhouses had CO 2 concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased leaf lettuce yield by 257% compared with control greenhouses.
Verbatim
e1“This resulted in yields of celery ( Apium graveolens L.), leaf lettuce ( Lactuca virosa L.), stem lettuce (Lactuca saiva L.), oily sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.), and Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis L.) that were 270%, 257%, 87%, 140%, and 227% higher than those in control greenhouses, respectively”
e2“CRAM-treated greenhouses had CO 2 concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased stem lettuce yield by 87% compared with control greenhouses.
Verbatim
e1“This resulted in yields of celery ( Apium graveolens L.), leaf lettuce ( Lactuca virosa L.), stem lettuce (Lactuca saiva L.), oily sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.), and Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis L.) that were 270%, 257%, 87%, 140%, and 227% higher than those in control greenhouses, respectively”
e2“CRAM-treated greenhouses had CO 2 concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased oily sowthistle yield by 140% compared with control greenhouses.
Verbatim
e1“This resulted in yields of celery ( Apium graveolens L.), leaf lettuce ( Lactuca virosa L.), stem lettuce (Lactuca saiva L.), oily sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.), and Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis L.) that were 270%, 257%, 87%, 140%, and 227% higher than those in control greenhouses, respectively”
e2“CRAM-treated greenhouses had CO 2 concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased Chinese cabbage yield by 227% compared with control greenhouses.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1 - Treatment
- CRAMe2
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 227%e1
- Comparator
- control greenhousese1
- Setting
- greenhousese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This resulted in yields of celery ( Apium graveolens L.), leaf lettuce ( Lactuca virosa L.), stem lettuce (Lactuca saiva L.), oily sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L.), and Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis L.) that were 270%, 257%, 87%, 140%, and 227% higher than those in control greenhouses, respectively”
e2“CRAM-treated greenhouses had CO 2 concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM decreased nitrate concentration in celery by 8%.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupe1
- Treatment
- CRAMe2
- Outcome
- Nitrate concentrationse1
- Direction
- deceasede1
- Value
- 8%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Nitrate concentrations deceased in celery, leaf lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage by 8%, 36%, 30%, and 20%, respectively”
e2“The effect of CRAM on”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM decreased nitrate concentration in leaf lettuce by 36%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Nitrate concentrations deceased in celery, leaf lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage by 8%, 36%, 30%, and 20%, respectively”
e2“The effect of CRAM on”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM decreased nitrate concentration in oily sowthistle by 30%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Nitrate concentrations deceased in celery, leaf lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage by 8%, 36%, 30%, and 20%, respectively”
e2“The effect of CRAM on”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM decreased nitrate concentration in Chinese cabbage by 20%.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- CRAMe2
- Outcome
- Nitrate concentrationse1
- Direction
- deceasede1
- Value
- 20%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Nitrate concentrations deceased in celery, leaf lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage by 8%, 36%, 30%, and 20%, respectively”
e2“The effect of CRAM on”
Claim · model-written summary
The composting procedure significantly increased soluble sugar concentration in oily sowthistle.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The concentrations of soluble sugars in oily sowthistle and Chinese cabbage were significantly increased by the composting procedure”
Claim · model-written summary
The composting procedure significantly increased soluble sugar concentration in Chinese cabbage.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- composting proceduree1
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The concentrations of soluble sugars in oily sowthistle and Chinese cabbage were significantly increased by the composting procedure”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased ascorbic acid concentration in celery by 13% on average.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupe1
- Treatment
- CRAMe2
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 13%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the ascorbic acid concentrations increased in all five species, with average increases of 13%, 39%, 25%, 72%, and 37% for celery, leaf lettuce, stem lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage, respectively”
e2“The effect of CRAM on”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased ascorbic acid concentration in leaf lettuce by 39% on average.
- Taxon
- leaf lettucee1
- Treatment
- CRAMe2
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 39%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the ascorbic acid concentrations increased in all five species, with average increases of 13%, 39%, 25%, 72%, and 37% for celery, leaf lettuce, stem lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage, respectively”
e2“The effect of CRAM on”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased ascorbic acid concentration in stem lettuce by 25% on average.
- Taxon
- stem lettucee1
- Treatment
- CRAMe2
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 25%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the ascorbic acid concentrations increased in all five species, with average increases of 13%, 39%, 25%, 72%, and 37% for celery, leaf lettuce, stem lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage, respectively”
e2“The effect of CRAM on”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased ascorbic acid concentration in oily sowthistle by 72% on average.
- Taxon
- oily sowthistlee1
- Treatment
- CRAMe2
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 72%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the ascorbic acid concentrations increased in all five species, with average increases of 13%, 39%, 25%, 72%, and 37% for celery, leaf lettuce, stem lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage, respectively”
e2“The effect of CRAM on”
Claim · model-written summary
CRAM increased ascorbic acid concentration in Chinese cabbage by 37% on average.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise1
- Treatment
- CRAMe2
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 37%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the ascorbic acid concentrations increased in all five species, with average increases of 13%, 39%, 25%, 72%, and 37% for celery, leaf lettuce, stem lettuce, oily sowthistle, and Chinese cabbage, respectively”
e2“The effect of CRAM on”
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