Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.) relay strip intercropping (W/M/S) system is commonly used by the smallholders in the Southwest of China. However, little known is how to manage phosphorus (P) to enhance P use efficiency of the W/M/S system and to mitigate P leaching that is a major source of pollution. Field experiments were carried out in 2011, 2012, and 2013 to test the impact of five P application rates on yield and P use efficiency of the W/M/S system. The study measured grain yield, shoot P uptake, apparent P recovery efficiency (PRE) and soil P content. A linear-plateau model was used to determine the critical P rate that maximizes gains in the indexes of system productivity. The results show that increase in P application rates aggrandized shoot P uptake and crops yields at threshold rates of 70 and 71.5 kg P ha-1 respectively. With P application rates increasing, the W/M/S system decreased the PRE from 35.9% to 12.3% averaged over the three years. A rational P application rate, 72 kg P ha-1, or an appropriate soil Olsen-P level, 19.1 mg kg-1, drives the W/M/S system to maximize total grain yield while minimizing P surplus, as a result of the PRE up to 28.0%. We conclude that rational P application is an important approach for relay intercropping to produce high yield while mitigating P pollution and the rational P application-based integrated P fertilizer management is vital for sustainable intensification of agriculture in the Southwest of China.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing P rates increased shoot P uptake up to a threshold of 70 kg P ha-1.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- increase in P application ratese0
- Outcome
- shoot P uptakee0
- Direction
- aggrandizede0
- Value
- 70e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in P application rates aggrandized shoot P uptake and crops yields at threshold rates of 70 and 71.5 kg P ha-1 respectively”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing P rates increased crop yield up to a threshold of 71.5 kg P ha-1.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- increase in P application ratese0
- Outcome
- crops yieldse0
- Direction
- aggrandizede0
- Value
- 71.5 kg P ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in P application rates aggrandized shoot P uptake and crops yields at threshold rates of 70 and 71.5 kg P ha-1 respectively”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher P application rates reduced apparent P recovery efficiency from 35.9% to 12.3% over three years.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- P application rates increasinge0
- Outcome
- PREe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 35.9% to 12.3%e0
- Qualifier
- averaged over the three yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With P application rates increasing, the W/M/S system decreased the PRE from 35.9% to 12.3% averaged over the three years.”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
A P rate of 72 kg P ha-1 maximized total grain yield while minimizing P surplus.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 72 kg P ha-1e0
- Outcome
- total grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximizee0
- Value
- 72 kg P ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A rational P application rate, 72 kg P ha-1, or an appropriate soil Olsen-P level, 19.1 mg kg-1, drives the W/M/S system to maximize total grain yield while minimizing P surplus”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
An Olsen-P level of 19.1 mg kg-1 maximized total grain yield while minimizing P surplus.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- P surpluse0
- Direction
- minimizinge0
- Value
- 19.1 mg kg-1e0
- Setting
- soil Olsen-P levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A rational P application rate, 72 kg P ha-1, or an appropriate soil Olsen-P level, 19.1 mg kg-1, drives the W/M/S system to maximize total grain yield while minimizing P surplus”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The proposed rate or Olsen-P level yielded PRE up to 28.0%.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- PREe0
- Direction
- up toe0
- Value
- 28.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as a result of the PRE up to 28.0%”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend rational P application for high yield with lower P pollution in relay intercropping.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- rational P applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rational P application is an important approach for relay intercropping to produce high yield while mitigating P pollution”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend integrated P fertilizer management based on rational application for sustainable intensification.
- Taxon
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- rational P application-based integrated P fertilizer managemente0
- Setting
- Southwest of Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rational P application-based integrated P fertilizer management is vital for sustainable intensification of agriculture in the Southwest of China”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.)/soybean (Glycine max L.)”
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