Abstract
The foliar N application at a low rate is a strategy that could be applied by farmers in substitution to the traditional late soil application when there are restrictions on N distribution. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of late‐season N fertilization strategies on wheat ( Triticum spp.) quality. Field experiments were set up in two different soils, in Northwest Italy. The effect of N fertilization was evaluated on two common ( T. aestivum L.) and two durum wheat ( T. turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) cultivars. Late‐season N was soil‐applied (40 kg N ha −1 ) as ammonium nitrate at heading, or foliar sprayed (5 kg N ha −1 ) at flowering, and compared with a control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stage. Nitrogen soil application increased grain protein content (GPC) (+15%) for both crops. This fertilization strategy led also to higher test weight (+1.4%), kernel hardness (+14%), dough strength (W) (+42%), and lower tenacity/extensibility ratio P/L (–18%) in the common wheat, and to a lower yellowberry percentage in the durum wheat (–29%). The strategy to apply a foliar N fertilizer at anthesis at a lower rate, although it has a greater cost effectiveness, led to a less effective bread‐ or pasta‐making quality enhancement, with an average increase of GPC and W only in the silt loam soil by 5 and 18%, respectively. This strategy could lead to more successful increase of GPC in soils with a probable lower nitrate leaching during the vegetative stages.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Late soil nitrogen increased grain protein content in both wheat crops by 15%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Nitrogen soil applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +15%e0
- Comparator
- control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen soil application increased grain protein content (GPC) (+15%) for both crops”
e1“wheat ( Triticum spp.) quality”
e2“control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Late soil nitrogen increased common wheat test weight by 1.4%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen soil applicatione1
- Outcome
- test weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- +1.4%e0
- Comparator
- control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher test weight (+1.4%), kernel hardness (+14%), dough strength (W) (+42%), and lower tenacity/extensibility ratio P/L (–18%) in the common wheat”
e1“Nitrogen soil application”
e2“control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Late soil nitrogen increased common wheat kernel hardness by 14%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen soil applicatione1
- Outcome
- kernel hardnesse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- +14%e0
- Comparator
- control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher test weight (+1.4%), kernel hardness (+14%), dough strength (W) (+42%), and lower tenacity/extensibility ratio P/L (–18%) in the common wheat”
e1“Nitrogen soil application”
e2“control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Late soil nitrogen increased common wheat dough strength by 42%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen soil applicatione1
- Outcome
- dough strength (W)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- +42%e0
- Comparator
- control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher test weight (+1.4%), kernel hardness (+14%), dough strength (W) (+42%), and lower tenacity/extensibility ratio P/L (–18%) in the common wheat”
e1“Nitrogen soil application”
e2“control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Late soil nitrogen lowered common wheat tenacity to extensibility ratio by 18%.
- Taxon
- common wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen soil applicatione1
- Outcome
- tenacity/extensibility ratio P/Le0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- –18%e0
- Comparator
- control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower tenacity/extensibility ratio P/L (–18%) in the common wheat”
e1“Nitrogen soil application”
e2“control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Late soil nitrogen lowered durum wheat yellowberry percentage by 29%.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Treatment
- Nitrogen soil applicatione1
- Outcome
- yellowberry percentagee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- –29%e0
- Comparator
- control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower yellowberry percentage in the durum wheat (–29%)”
e1“Nitrogen soil application”
e2“control without N fertilization after the vegetative growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen increased grain protein content by 5% only in silt loam soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- foliar N fertilizer at anthesis at a lower ratee0
- Outcome
- GPCe1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 5e1
- Setting
- silt loam soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar N fertilizer at anthesis at a lower rate”
e1“increase of GPC and W only in the silt loam soil by 5 and 18%, respectively”
e2“wheat ( Triticum spp.) quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen increased dough strength by 18% only in silt loam soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- foliar N fertilizer at anthesis at a lower ratee0
- Outcome
- We1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 18%e1
- Setting
- silt loam soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar N fertilizer at anthesis at a lower rate”
e1“increase of GPC and W only in the silt loam soil by 5 and 18%, respectively”
e2“wheat ( Triticum spp.) quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen had greater cost effectiveness but less quality enhancement than soil application.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- foliar N fertilizer at anthesis at a lower ratee1
- Outcome
- greater cost effectivenesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although it has a greater cost effectiveness, led to a less effective bread‐ or pasta‐making quality enhancement”
e1“foliar N fertilizer at anthesis at a lower rate”
e2“wheat ( Triticum spp.) quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nitrogen was suggested as more likely to increase grain protein content where nitrate leaching is lower.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- foliar N fertilizer at anthesis at a lower ratee1
- Outcome
- more successful increase of GPCe0
- Qualifier
- soils with a probable lower nitrate leaching during the vegetative stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This strategy could lead to more successful increase of GPC in soils with a probable lower nitrate leaching during the vegetative stages”
e1“foliar N fertilizer at anthesis at a lower rate”
e2“wheat ( Triticum spp.) quality”
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