Abstract
The use of late nitrogen (N) fertilization (N application at late growth stages of wheat, e.g., booting, heading or anthesis) to improve baking quality of wheat has been questioned. Although it increases protein concentration, the beneficial effect on baking quality (bread loaf volume) needs to be clearly understood. Two pot experiments were conducted aiming to evaluate whether late N is effective under controlled conditions and if these effects result from increased N rate or N splitting. Late N fertilizers were applied either as additional N or split from the basal N at late boot stage or heading in the form of nitrate-N or urea. Results showed that late N fertilization improved loaf volume of wheat flour by increasing grain protein concentration and altering its composition. Increasing N rate mainly enhanced grain protein quantitatively. However, N splitting changed grain protein composition by enhancing the percentages of gliadins and glutenins as well as certain high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), which led to an improved baking quality of wheat flour. The late N effects were greater when applied as nitrate-N than urea. The proportions of glutenin and x-type HMW-GS were more important than the overall protein concentration in determining baking quality. N splitting is more effective in improving wheat quality than the increase in the N rate by late N, which offers the potential to cut down N fertilization rates in wheat production systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Late nitrogen fertilization improved wheat flour loaf volume.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- late N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- loaf volumee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that late N fertilization improved loaf volume of wheat flour by increasing grain protein concentration and altering its composition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late nitrogen fertilization increased wheat grain protein concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- late N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that late N fertilization improved loaf volume of wheat flour by increasing grain protein concentration and altering its composition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late nitrogen fertilization altered wheat grain protein composition.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- late N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- compositione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that late N fertilization improved loaf volume of wheat flour by increasing grain protein concentration and altering its composition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate mainly enhanced the quantity of wheat grain protein.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing N ratee0
- Outcome
- grain proteine0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing N rate mainly enhanced grain protein quantitatively.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen splitting increased the percentages of gliadins, glutenins and certain high molecular weight glutenin subunits in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N splittinge0
- Outcome
- percentages of gliadins and glutenins as well as certain high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS)e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N splitting changed grain protein composition by enhancing the percentages of gliadins and glutenins as well as certain high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), which led to an improved baking quality of wheat flour.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen splitting improved wheat flour baking quality through changes in grain protein composition.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N splittinge0
- Outcome
- improved baking qualitye0
- Qualifier
- changed grain protein compositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N splitting changed grain protein composition by enhancing the percentages of gliadins and glutenins as well as certain high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), which led to an improved baking quality of wheat flour.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late nitrogen effects in wheat were greater with nitrate-N than urea.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nitrate-Ne0
- Outcome
- late N effects were greatere0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The late N effects were greater when applied as nitrate-N than urea.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutenin and x-type HMW-GS proportions were more important than overall protein concentration in determining wheat baking quality.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- glutenin and x-type HMW-GSe0
- Outcome
- baking qualitye0
- Comparator
- overall protein concentratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proportions of glutenin and x-type HMW-GS were more important than the overall protein concentration in determining baking quality.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen splitting improved wheat quality more effectively than increasing nitrogen rate through late nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N splittinge0
- Outcome
- wheat qualitye0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- increase in the N rate by late Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N splitting is more effective in improving wheat quality than the increase in the N rate by late N, which offers the potential to cut down N fertilization rates in wheat production systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen splitting offers potential to reduce nitrogen fertilization rates in wheat production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N splittinge0
- Outcome
- cut down N fertilization ratese0
- Qualifier
- potentiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N splitting is more effective in improving wheat quality than the increase in the N rate by late N, which offers the potential to cut down N fertilization rates in wheat production systems.”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
399 papers in the same direction as this paper · 47 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
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See all 454 papers →fertilization · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
500 papers in the same direction as this paper · 56 in the opposite direction · 9 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
562 papers more in this group
See all 566 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.