Abstract
Abstract In the Pacific Northwest a major constraint to growing hard red winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is the consistently low grain protein percentage observed. Foliar fertilization of winter wheat offers a potential for increasing grain protein percentage when applied around flowering. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of foliar urea sprays on grain protein percentage, grain yield, and kernel hardness of 10 genotypes of winter wheat when grown in the field under four diverse environments. Also, immature spikes were analyzed after foliar treatments for percent protein, and optimal grain uptake of foliar applied N was measured under controlled conditions using 15 N labelled urea. Foliar sprays of urea increased grain protein percentage by 16 and 10 % and yield by 8 and 3% over the control of no applied urea in two environments. Combinations of topdressing and foliar sprays produced yields equivalent to standard topdressed plots at all locations and increased grain protein percentage by 12 and 9% in two of the four environments tested. Foliar applications did not alter kernel hardness overall. Significant genotype X N treatment interactions were found for grain protein percentage, grain yield, and kernel bardness. Spike protein analysis at flowering showed N treatment effects 2 weeks after foliar applications in the field, and the ranking of treatments corresponded closely with that determined by grain analysis at harvest. Uptake of N from foliar sprays was also confirmed with a mean of 44.1 % of applied 15 N recovered in grain samples. Genotypes differed for I5N recovery rates in the grain from 48.3% for ‘Stephens,’ a low protein soft white cultivar, to 39.9% for ‘Centurk,’ a higher protein hard red cultivar. Daylength after treatment also affected recovery rates with 41.4 and 46.9% of applied 15 N being recovered for 12 and 18 hours respectively.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea increased grain protein percentage by 16 and 10% in two environments.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Foliar sprays of ureae0
- Outcome
- grain protein percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16 and 10 %e0
- Qualifier
- in two environmentse0
- Comparator
- control of no applied ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar sprays of urea increased grain protein percentage by 16 and 10 % and yield by 8 and 3% over the control of no applied urea in two environments”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea increased grain yield by 8 and 3% in two environments.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar sprays of ureae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8 and 3%e0
- Qualifier
- in two environmentse0
- Comparator
- control of no applied ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar sprays of urea increased grain protein percentage by 16 and 10 % and yield by 8 and 3% over the control of no applied urea in two environments”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined topdressing and foliar spraying gave yields equivalent to standard topdressing at all locations.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combinations of topdressing and foliar sprayse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Qualifier
- at all locationse0
- Comparator
- standard topdressed plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combinations of topdressing and foliar sprays produced yields equivalent to standard topdressed plots at all locations and increased grain protein percentage by 12 and 9% in two of the four environments tested”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined topdressing and foliar spraying increased grain protein percentage by 12 and 9% in two environments.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combinations of topdressing and foliar sprayse0
- Outcome
- grain protein percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12 and 9%e0
- Qualifier
- in two of the four environments testede0
- Comparator
- standard topdressed plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combinations of topdressing and foliar sprays produced yields equivalent to standard topdressed plots at all locations and increased grain protein percentage by 12 and 9% in two of the four environments tested”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar applications did not alter kernel hardness overall.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- kernel hardnesse0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar applications did not alter kernel hardness overall”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype and nitrogen treatment interacted significantly for grain protein percentage, grain yield and kernel hardness.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain protein percentage, grain yield, and kernel bardnesse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant genotype X N treatment interactions were found for grain protein percentage, grain yield, and kernel bardness”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen treatment affected spike protein two weeks after foliar application at flowering.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar applicationse0
- Outcome
- Spike proteine0
- Qualifier
- 2 weeks after foliar applications in the fielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spike protein analysis at flowering showed N treatment effects 2 weeks after foliar applications in the field, and the ranking of treatments corresponded closely with that determined by grain analysis at harvest”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The ranking of nitrogen treatments from spike protein analysis closely matched grain analysis at harvest.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- ranking of treatmentse0
- Direction
- corresponded closelye0
- Comparator
- grain analysis at harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spike protein analysis at flowering showed N treatment effects 2 weeks after foliar applications in the field, and the ranking of treatments corresponded closely with that determined by grain analysis at harvest”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain recovered a mean of 44.1% of foliar applied labelled nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar sprayse0
- Outcome
- 15 N recovered in grain samplese0
- Value
- 44.1 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Uptake of N from foliar sprays was also confirmed with a mean of 44.1 % of applied 15 N recovered in grain samples”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stephens had 48.3% grain labelled-nitrogen recovery.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stephense0
- Outcome
- I5N recovery rates in the graine0
- Value
- 48.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genotypes differed for I5N recovery rates in the grain from 48.3% for ‘Stephens,’ a low protein soft white cultivar, to 39.9% for ‘Centurk,’ a higher protein hard red cultivar”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Centurk had 39.9% grain labelled-nitrogen recovery.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Centurke0
- Outcome
- I5N recovery rates in the graine0
- Value
- 39.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genotypes differed for I5N recovery rates in the grain from 48.3% for ‘Stephens,’ a low protein soft white cultivar, to 39.9% for ‘Centurk,’ a higher protein hard red cultivar”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve-hour daylength yielded 41.4% recovery of applied labelled nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- applied 15 N being recoverede0
- Value
- 41.4e0
- Setting
- 12e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Daylength after treatment also affected recovery rates with 41.4 and 46.9% of applied 15 N being recovered for 12 and 18 hours respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Eighteen-hour daylength yielded 46.9% recovery of applied labelled nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- applied 15 N being recoverede0
- Value
- 46.9%e0
- Setting
- 18 hourse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Daylength after treatment also affected recovery rates with 41.4 and 46.9% of applied 15 N being recovered for 12 and 18 hours respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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