Abstract
S ummary Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Vicia faba L., Pisum sativum L. and Brassica napus L. were exposed to simulated rain from emergence to full expansion at seven pHs between 5.6 and 2.6, applied at 2 mm h −1 in amounts and at intervals representative of ambient rain in southwestern England. Leaf expansion was unaffected by rain pH greater than 30 in V. faba , and pH 2–6 in the other species. Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax. Foliar injury was greatest in species with crystalline wax. Wax production was affected by simulated acid rain in all species and was often accompanied by changes in wax composition. Wax quantity was reduced on leaves of P. vulgaris exposed to rain at pH 4.6, while wax on leaves of P. sativum and B. napus had increased numbers of smaller plates and tubes, respectively, per unit area at pH 4.6. Leaves of B. napus , stripped of crystalline epicuticular wax at about 20% full expansion, regenerated less wax at pH 3.4 than at pH 5.6. The thickness of the cuticular membranes in leaves of P. vulgaris, V faba and P. sativum exposed to simulated acid rain at pH 4.2 decreased by 28 to 35 % compared with those exposed to pH 5.6 rain. Membrane ultrastructure was also altered in leaves of P. vulgaris. Taken together, these changes could have important consequences for leaf wettability, rainfall retention, foliar uptake of chemicals and host‐parasite interactions.
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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf expansion was unaffected under the reported rain pH condition in V. faba.
- Taxon
- V. faba
Vicia fabae0 - Treatment
- rain pH greater than 30e0
- Outcome
- Leaf expansione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf expansion was unaffected by rain pH greater than 30 in V. faba , and pH 2–6 in the other species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf expansion was unaffected under the reported rain pH condition in P. vulgaris.
- Taxon
- P. vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Treatment
- pH 2–6e0
- Outcome
- Leaf expansione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf expansion was unaffected by rain pH greater than 30 in V. faba , and pH 2–6 in the other species.”
e1“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf expansion was unaffected under the reported rain pH condition in P. sativum.
- Taxon
- P. sativum
Lathyrus oleraceuse1 - Treatment
- pH 2–6e0
- Outcome
- Leaf expansione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf expansion was unaffected by rain pH greater than 30 in V. faba , and pH 2–6 in the other species.”
e1“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf expansion was unaffected under the reported rain pH condition in B. napus.
- Taxon
- B. napus
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse1 - Treatment
- pH 2–6e0
- Outcome
- Leaf expansione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Leaf expansion was unaffected by rain pH greater than 30 in V. faba , and pH 2–6 in the other species.”
e1“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated acid rain induced foliar injury in P. sativum.
- Taxon
- P. sativumLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- pH 3.4e0
- Outcome
- Macroscopic foliar injurye0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated acid rain induced foliar injury in B. napus.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- pH 3.4e0
- Outcome
- Macroscopic foliar injurye0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated acid rain induced foliar injury in P. vulgaris.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- pH 3.0e0
- Outcome
- Macroscopic foliar injurye0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated acid rain induced foliar injury in V. faba.
- Taxon
- V. fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- pH 3.0e0
- Outcome
- Macroscopic foliar injurye0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar injury was greatest in species with crystalline wax.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar injury was greatest in species with crystalline wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated acid rain affected wax production in P. vulgaris.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- simulated acid raine0
- Outcome
- Wax productione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wax production was affected by simulated acid rain in all species and was often accompanied by changes in wax composition.”
e1“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated acid rain affected wax production in V. faba.
- Taxon
- V. fabaVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- simulated acid raine0
- Outcome
- Wax productione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wax production was affected by simulated acid rain in all species and was often accompanied by changes in wax composition.”
e1“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated acid rain affected wax production in P. sativum.
- Taxon
- P. sativumLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- simulated acid raine0
- Outcome
- Wax productione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wax production was affected by simulated acid rain in all species and was often accompanied by changes in wax composition.”
e1“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated acid rain affected wax production in B. napus.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse1
- Treatment
- simulated acid raine0
- Outcome
- Wax productione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wax production was affected by simulated acid rain in all species and was often accompanied by changes in wax composition.”
e1“Macroscopic foliar injury was induced at pH 3.4 in non‐wettable leaves of P. sativum and B. napus which had relatively large deposits of crystalline epicuticular wax, and at pH 3.0 in wettable leaves of P. vulgaris and V. faba which had small deposits of amorphous wax.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax quantity was reduced in P. vulgaris at pH 4.6.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- rain at pH 4.6e0
- Outcome
- Wax quantitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wax quantity was reduced on leaves of P. vulgaris exposed to rain at pH 4.6, while wax on leaves of P. sativum and B. napus had increased numbers of smaller plates and tubes, respectively, per unit area at pH 4.6.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. sativum wax had increased numbers of smaller plates at pH 4.6.
- Taxon
- P. sativumLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- pH 4.6e0
- Outcome
- numbers of smaller platese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wax quantity was reduced on leaves of P. vulgaris exposed to rain at pH 4.6, while wax on leaves of P. sativum and B. napus had increased numbers of smaller plates and tubes, respectively, per unit area at pH 4.6.”
Claim · model-written summary
B. napus wax had increased numbers of smaller tubes at pH 4.6.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- pH 4.6e0
- Outcome
- tubese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wax quantity was reduced on leaves of P. vulgaris exposed to rain at pH 4.6, while wax on leaves of P. sativum and B. napus had increased numbers of smaller plates and tubes, respectively, per unit area at pH 4.6.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stripped B. napus leaves regenerated less wax at pH 3.4 than pH 5.6.
- Taxon
- B. napusBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- pH 3.4e0
- Outcome
- regenerated less waxe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- pH 5.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaves of B. napus , stripped of crystalline epicuticular wax at about 20% full expansion, regenerated less wax at pH 3.4 than at pH 5.6.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cuticular membrane thickness decreased by 28 to 35% at pH 4.2 versus pH 5.6 in P. vulgaris.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- pH 4.2e0
- Outcome
- thickness of the cuticular membranese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 28 to 35 %e0
- Comparator
- pH 5.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The thickness of the cuticular membranes in leaves of P. vulgaris, V faba and P. sativum exposed to simulated acid rain at pH 4.2 decreased by 28 to 35 % compared with those exposed to pH 5.6 rain.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cuticular membrane thickness decreased by 28 to 35% at pH 4.2 versus pH 5.6 in V faba.
- Taxon
- V fabaVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- pH 4.2e0
- Outcome
- thickness of the cuticular membranese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 28 to 35 %e0
- Comparator
- pH 5.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The thickness of the cuticular membranes in leaves of P. vulgaris, V faba and P. sativum exposed to simulated acid rain at pH 4.2 decreased by 28 to 35 % compared with those exposed to pH 5.6 rain.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cuticular membrane thickness decreased by 28 to 35% at pH 4.2 versus pH 5.6 in P. sativum.
- Taxon
- P. sativumLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- pH 4.2e0
- Outcome
- thickness of the cuticular membranese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 28 to 35 %e0
- Comparator
- pH 5.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The thickness of the cuticular membranes in leaves of P. vulgaris, V faba and P. sativum exposed to simulated acid rain at pH 4.2 decreased by 28 to 35 % compared with those exposed to pH 5.6 rain.”
The same questions in other papers
ph · growth · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
ph · molecular: metabolites · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →ph · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →ph · growth · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →ph · crop injury · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
ph · crop injury · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
ph · crop injury · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
rainfall · molecular: metabolites · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.