Abstract
The effects of soil compaction and deep ripping on the growth and yield of crop (wheat, barley, oats, triticale, narrow leaf lupins and field peas) and pasture species (barrel medic and subterranean clover) were investigated for deep, sandy soils near Geraldton, Western Australia. In 1984 (an average rainfall season), growth and yields of all species were substantially reduced by soil compaction. Lupins were not included in the experiment. Barley, wheat and pea yields were reduced by around 45%; oat and triticale yields by 30%; and spring biomass of both pasture species was reduced by about 30%. The differences in response between the species were not significant (P>0.05). In 1985 (a very dry year), amelioration of soil compaction by deep ripping increased the dry matter at flowering of all the species, including lupins, by about 30%. Severe water stress in the cereals after flowering prevented the conversion of this dry matter advantage into grain yield differences. Because of late flowering and slow maturation, the yield of the oats was significantly (P<0.05) lower on the deep-ripped areas, compared with the yield on the compacted soil. Deep ripping increased the yield of peas by 60% and lupins by 20%, probably because flowering and seed filling were completed before the onset of severe water stress. For deep, sandy soils in mediterranean environments, maximum economic benefit would normally accrue from deep ripping prior to the cereal phase, given that current agronomic principles generally preclude the growing of peas on these soils. Selection of cereal species mainly depends on relative yields and prices; however, the results suggest that use of cultivars with rapid early growth, early flowering and quick maturity would maximise the response to compaction amelioration and minimise the risk of poor grain filling.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Soil compaction reduced barley yield by around 45% in 1984.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- soil compactione1
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- around 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Barley, wheat and pea yields were reduced by around 45%”
e1“In 1984 (an average rainfall season), growth and yields of all species were substantially reduced by soil compaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil compaction reduced wheat yield by around 45% in 1984.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- soil compactione1
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- around 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley, wheat and pea yields were reduced by around 45%”
e1“In 1984 (an average rainfall season), growth and yields of all species were substantially reduced by soil compaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil compaction reduced pea yield by around 45% in 1984.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- soil compactione1
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- around 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley, wheat and pea yields were reduced by around 45%”
e1“In 1984 (an average rainfall season), growth and yields of all species were substantially reduced by soil compaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil compaction reduced oat yield by 30%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oat and triticale yields by 30%”
e1“yields were reduced”
e2“growth and yields of all species were substantially reduced by soil compaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil compaction reduced triticale yield by 30%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oat and triticale yields by 30%”
e1“yields were reduced”
e2“growth and yields of all species were substantially reduced by soil compaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil compaction reduced spring biomass of both pasture species by about 30%.
- Taxon
- barrel medic and subterranean clover
Medicago truncatula
Trifolium subterraneume1 - Treatment
- soil compactione2
- Outcome
- spring biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- about 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring biomass of both pasture species was reduced by about 30%”
e1“barrel medic and subterranean clover”
e2“growth and yields of all species were substantially reduced by soil compaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences in compaction response between species were not significant.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The differences in response between the species were not significant (P>0.05)”
t0“cereal and legume species”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep ripping increased dry matter at flowering of all species by about 30% in 1985.
- Taxon
- cereal and legume speciest0
- Treatment
- deep rippinge0
- Outcome
- dry matter at floweringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- about 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“deep ripping increased the dry matter at flowering of all the species, including lupins, by about 30%”
t0“cereal and legume species”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe water stress prevented the dry matter gain in cereals from becoming a grain yield difference.
Verbatim
e0“Severe water stress in the cereals after flowering prevented the conversion of this dry matter advantage into grain yield differences”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat yield was significantly lower after deep ripping than on compacted soil.
- Taxon
- oats
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- deep-ripped arease0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- compacted soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of the oats was significantly (P<0.05) lower on the deep-ripped areas, compared with the yield on the compacted soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep ripping increased pea yield by 60%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep ripping increased the yield of peas by 60% and lupins by 20%”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep ripping increased lupin yield by 20%.
LupinusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deep ripping increased the yield of peas by 60% and lupins by 20%”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend deep ripping before the cereal phase for maximum economic benefit.
Verbatim
e0“maximum economic benefit would normally accrue from deep ripping prior to the cereal phase”
e1“cereal species”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest rapidly growing, early flowering, quick maturing cultivars to maximize response and reduce poor grain filling.
Verbatim
e0“use of cultivars with rapid early growth, early flowering and quick maturity would maximise the response to compaction amelioration and minimise the risk of poor grain filling”
e1“cereal species”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.