Abstract
The ability of four species of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi to increase phosphorus uptake and growth of clover plants ( Trifolium subterraneum L.) at different levels of soil compaction and P application was studied in a pot experiment. Dry matter in the shoots and roots of clover plants decreased with increasing soil compaction. Colonization by Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith and Glomus sp. City Beach WUM16 increased plant growth and P uptake up to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3 , although the response was smaller as soil compaction was increased. Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdeman and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe had no effect on the shoot d. wt and P uptake when the bulk density of the soil was 1·40 and 1·60 Mg m −3 , respectively. Soil compaction to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3 had no effect on the percentage of root length colonized by G. intraradices and Glomus sp. City Beach, but total root length colonized decreased as soil compaction was increased. Decreased P uptake and growth of clover plants colonized by G. intraradices and Glomus sp. City Beach, with increasing soil compaction up to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3 , was mainly attributed to a significant reduction in total root length colonized and in the hyphal biomass. Soil compaction, which increased bulk density from 1·20 to 1·75 Mg m −3 , reduced the O 2 content of the soil atmosphere from 0·16 to 0·05 m 3 m −3 . The absence of any observable mycorrhizal growth response to any of the four species of VAM fungi in highly compacted soil (bulk density = 1·75 Mg m −3 ) was attributed to the significant decrease in the O 2 content of the soil atmosphere, change in soil pore size distribution and, presumably, to ethylene production.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil compaction reduced clover shoot and root dry matter.
TrifoliumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter in the shoots and roots of clover plants decreased with increasing soil compaction.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus intraradices colonization increased clover growth and P uptake up to 1·60 Mg m −3, with a smaller response as compaction rose.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneum
Trifolium subterraneumt0 - Treatment
- Colonization by Glomus intraradicese0
- Interactor
- Glomus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth and P uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1·60 Mg m −3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization by Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith and Glomus sp. City Beach WUM16 increased plant growth and P uptake up to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3 , although the response was smaller as soil compaction was increased.”
t0“Trifolium subterraneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus sp. City Beach WUM16 colonization increased clover growth and P uptake up to 1·60 Mg m −3, with a smaller response as compaction rose.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneumTrifolium subterraneumt0
- Treatment
- Glomus sp. City Beach WUM16e0
- Interactor
- Glomus sp. City Beach WUM16e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth and P uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1·60 Mg m −3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization by Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith and Glomus sp. City Beach WUM16 increased plant growth and P uptake up to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3 , although the response was smaller as soil compaction was increased.”
t0“Trifolium subterraneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus etunicatum had no effect on shoot dry weight and P uptake at soil bulk density 1·40 Mg m −3.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneumTrifolium subterraneumt0
- Treatment
- Glomus etunicatume0
- Interactor
- Glomus etunicatume0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot d. wt and P uptakee0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Value
- 1·40e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdeman and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe had no effect on the shoot d. wt and P uptake when the bulk density of the soil was 1·40 and 1·60 Mg m −3 , respectively.”
t0“Trifolium subterraneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Glomus mosseae had no effect on shoot dry weight and P uptake at soil bulk density 1·60 Mg m −3.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneumTrifolium subterraneumt0
- Treatment
- Glomus mosseaee0
- Interactor
- Glomus mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- shoot d. wt and P uptakee0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Value
- 1·60 Mg m −3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdeman and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe had no effect on the shoot d. wt and P uptake when the bulk density of the soil was 1·40 and 1·60 Mg m −3 , respectively.”
t0“Trifolium subterraneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction to 1·60 Mg m −3 did not change the percentage of root length colonized by G. intraradices.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneumTrifolium subterraneumt0
- Treatment
- Soil compaction to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3e0
- Interactor
- G. intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- percentage of root length colonized by G. intraradicese0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil compaction to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3 had no effect on the percentage of root length colonized by G. intraradices and Glomus sp. City Beach, but total root length colonized decreased as soil compaction was increased.”
t0“Trifolium subterraneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction to 1·60 Mg m −3 did not change the percentage of root length colonized by Glomus sp. City Beach.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneumTrifolium subterraneumt0
- Treatment
- Soil compaction to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3e0
- Interactor
- Glomus sp. City Beache0symbiont
- Outcome
- percentage of root length colonized by G. intraradices and Glomus sp. City Beache0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil compaction to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3 had no effect on the percentage of root length colonized by G. intraradices and Glomus sp. City Beach, but total root length colonized decreased as soil compaction was increased.”
t0“Trifolium subterraneum”
Claim · model-written summary
Total colonized root length decreased with increasing soil compaction.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneumTrifolium subterraneumt0
- Treatment
- soil compactione0
- Outcome
- total root length colonizede0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total root length colonized decreased as soil compaction was increased.”
t0“Trifolium subterraneum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed reduced P uptake and growth of clover colonized by two fungi under compaction mainly to less colonized root length and hyphal biomass.
- Treatment
- soil compactione0
- Interactor
- G. intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Glomus sp. City Beache0symbiont
- Outcome
- P uptake and growthe0
- Direction
- Decreasede0
- Qualifier
- reduction in total root length colonized and in the hyphal biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreased P uptake and growth of clover plants colonized by G. intraradices and Glomus sp. City Beach, with increasing soil compaction up to a bulk density of 1·60 Mg m −3 , was mainly attributed to a significant reduction in total root length colonized and in the hyphal biomass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction from 1·20 to 1·75 Mg m −3 reduced soil-atmosphere O 2 content from 0·16 to 0·05 m 3 m −3.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneumTrifolium subterraneumt0
- Treatment
- Soil compactione0
- Outcome
- O 2 content of the soil atmospheree0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0·16 to 0·05 m 3 m −3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil compaction, which increased bulk density from 1·20 to 1·75 Mg m −3 , reduced the O 2 content of the soil atmosphere from 0·16 to 0·05 m 3 m −3 .”
t0“Trifolium subterraneum”
Claim · model-written summary
In highly compacted soil, none of the four VAM fungi produced an observable mycorrhizal growth response; authors attributed this to oxygen decline, pore changes and possible ethylene production.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneumTrifolium subterraneumt0
- Treatment
- highly compacted soile0
- Outcome
- mycorrhizal growth responsee0
- Direction
- absencee0
- Qualifier
- significant decrease in the O 2 content of the soil atmosphere, change in soil pore size distribution and, presumably, to ethylene productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The absence of any observable mycorrhizal growth response to any of the four species of VAM fungi in highly compacted soil (bulk density = 1·75 Mg m −3 ) was attributed to the significant decrease in the O 2 content of the soil atmosphere, change in soil pore size distribution and, presumably, to ethylene production.”
t0“Trifolium subterraneum”
The same questions in other papers
Glomus · growth · Trifolium subterraneumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
infection · growth · Trifolium subterraneumPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
tillage · Rhizophagus intraradices · Trifolium subterraneumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
tillage · growth · Trifolium subterraneumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.