Abstract
Weed flora in a crop rotation of soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat were studied under combinations of conventional and reduced tillage, biocide application, and chemical fertilization to investigate whether any combination of conservational practices offers the potential to increase weed community diversity while maintaining weed biomass at an acceptable level. Weed density increased under reduced biocide application. Weed density and size increased under manure compost application (with reduced chemical fertilization) because of weed seed introduction. Weed emergence from seeds dispersed in the previous year was greater under reduced tillage. Two‐year individuals increased under a combination of reduced tillage, reduced biocide application and manure compost application. These increases in weed population density and size under conservational practices were yet not consistent; rather, they showed an annually fluctuating trend. In terms of weed diversity, species richness and Shannon's diversity index were higher under manure application because of the introduction of new species and probably as a result of suppression of weed growth and reproduction, which can reduce the chance of dominance by certain species. When combined with manure application, reduced tillage may offer the potential for increasing diversity by reducing the competitiveness of dominant species and facilitating establishment of new or minor species.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced biocide application increased weed density.
- Taxon
- soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
Glycine max
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- reduced biocide applicatione0
- Outcome
- Weed densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed density increased under reduced biocide application.”
e1“soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure compost application increased weed density and size.
- Taxon
- soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheatBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisGlycine maxTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- manure compost applicatione0
- Outcome
- Weed density and sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with reduced chemical fertilizatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed density and size increased under manure compost application (with reduced chemical fertilization) because of weed seed introduction.”
e1“soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage increased emergence of seeds dispersed in the previous year.
- Taxon
- soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheatBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisGlycine maxTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- reduced tillagee0
- Outcome
- Weed emergence from seeds dispersed in the previous yeare0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed emergence from seeds dispersed in the previous year was greater under reduced tillage.”
e1“soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-year weeds increased under combined reduced tillage, reduced biocide and manure compost.
- Taxon
- soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheatBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisGlycine maxTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- a combination of reduced tillage, reduced biocide application and manure compost applicatione0
- Outcome
- Two‐year individualse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two‐year individuals increased under a combination of reduced tillage, reduced biocide application and manure compost application.”
e1“soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increases in weed density and size fluctuated annually.
- Taxon
- soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheatBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisGlycine maxTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- weed population density and sizee0
- Qualifier
- annually fluctuating trende0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These increases in weed population density and size under conservational practices were yet not consistent; rather, they showed an annually fluctuating trend.”
e1“soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure application raised weed species richness and Shannon diversity.
- Taxon
- soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheatBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisGlycine maxTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- manure applicatione0
- Outcome
- species richness and Shannon's diversity indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“species richness and Shannon's diversity index were higher under manure application”
e1“soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest manure combined with reduced tillage may increase weed diversity.
- Taxon
- soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheatBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisGlycine maxTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- reduced tillagee0
- Outcome
- increasing diversitye0
- Qualifier
- may offer the potentiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When combined with manure application, reduced tillage may offer the potential for increasing diversity by reducing the competitiveness of dominant species and facilitating establishment of new or minor species.”
e1“soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat”
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