Abstract
In plants, light is an important environmental signal that induces photomorphogenesis and interacts with endogenous signals, including hormones. We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls. In tomato, this increase was induced by low-fluence red or blue light followed by 1 d of darkness. It was reduced in phyA, phyB1, and phyB2 tomato mutants and was reversed by far-red light applied immediately after the red or blue light exposure, suggesting that phytochrome is involved in this response. We further found that the free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level in hypocotyl regions below the hook was increased by red light, while the level of conjugated IAA was unchanged. Analysis of IAA synthesized from [¹³C]indole or [¹³C]tryptophan (Trp) revealed that both Trp-dependent and Trp-independent IAA biosynthesis were increased by low-fluence red light in the top section (meristem, cotyledons, and hook), and the Trp-independent pathway appears to become the primary route for IAA biosynthesis after red light exposure. IAA biosynthesis in tissues below the top section was not affected by red light, suggesting that the increase of free IAA in this region was due to increased transport of IAA from above. Our study provides a comprehensive view of light effects on the transport and biosynthesis of IAA, showing that red light increases both IAA biosynthesis in the top section and polar auxin transport in hypocotyls, leading to unchanged free IAA levels in the top section and increased free IAA levels in the lower hypocotyl regions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Organ / stage
- hypocotylse0
- Treatment
- lighte0
- Outcome
- polar auxin transporte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- dark-growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-fluence red or blue light increased polar auxin transport in tomato hypocotyls.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Organ / stage
- hypocotylse0
- Treatment
- low-fluence red or blue lighte1
- Outcome
- polar auxin transporte0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- dark-growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
e1“In tomato, this increase was induced by low-fluence red or blue light followed by 1 d of darkness”
Claim · model-written summary
The light-induced increase in polar auxin transport was reduced in phyA, phyB1 and phyB2 tomato mutants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- phyA, phyB1, and phyB2e2
- Outcome
- polar auxin transporte0
- Direction
- reducede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
e2“It was reduced in phyA, phyB1, and phyB2 tomato mutants and was reversed by far-red light applied immediately after the red or blue light exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light applied after red or blue light reversed the light-induced increase in polar auxin transport in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- far-red light applied immediately after the red or blue light exposuree2
- Outcome
- polar auxin transporte0
- Direction
- reversede2
- Comparator
- red or blue light exposuree2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
e2“It was reduced in phyA, phyB1, and phyB2 tomato mutants and was reversed by far-red light applied immediately after the red or blue light exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light increased the free IAA level in hypocotyl regions below the hook of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- hypocotyl regions below the hooke3
- Treatment
- red lighte3
- Outcome
- free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levele3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
e3“We further found that the free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level in hypocotyl regions below the hook was increased by red light, while the level of conjugated IAA was unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light left the conjugated IAA level in tomato hypocotyls unchanged.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- red lighte3
- Outcome
- level of conjugated IAAe3
- Direction
- unchangede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
e3“We further found that the free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level in hypocotyl regions below the hook was increased by red light, while the level of conjugated IAA was unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-fluence red light increased both Trp-dependent and Trp-independent IAA biosynthesis in the top section of tomato hypocotyls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- top section (meristem, cotyledons, and hook)e4
- Treatment
- low-fluence red lighte4
- Outcome
- Trp-dependent and Trp-independent IAA biosynthesise4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
e4“Analysis of IAA synthesized from [¹³C]indole or [¹³C]tryptophan (Trp) revealed that both Trp-dependent and Trp-independent IAA biosynthesis were increased by low-fluence red light in the top section (meristem, cotyledons, and hook)”
Claim · model-written summary
After red light exposure the Trp-independent pathway appears to become the primary route for IAA biosynthesis in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- red light exposuree5
- Outcome
- primary route for IAA biosynthesise5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
e5“the Trp-independent pathway appears to become the primary route for IAA biosynthesis after red light exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light did not affect IAA biosynthesis in tissues below the top section of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- red lighte6
- Outcome
- IAA biosynthesis in tissues below the top sectione6
- Direction
- not affectede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
e6“IAA biosynthesis in tissues below the top section was not affected by red light, suggesting that the increase of free IAA in this region was due to increased transport of IAA from above”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in free IAA below the top section is likely due to increased transport of IAA from above.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Compound
- IAAe6
- Outcome
- increase of free IAA in this regione6
- Qualifier
- increased transport of IAA from abovee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that light increased polar auxin transport in dark-grown Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hypocotyls”
e6“IAA biosynthesis in tissues below the top section was not affected by red light, suggesting that the increase of free IAA in this region was due to increased transport of IAA from above”
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