Abstract
SUMMARY Benomyl, pyrazophos (HOE 2873), triarimol, triforine and the non‐systemic fungicide diethyl phthalimidophosphonothionate (Dowco 199) were sprayed at c. 200 gal/acre (2250 1/ha) at 14‐day intervals from pink bud (late April/early May) on seven apple cultivars including Cox's Orange Pippin, Golden Delicious and Jonathan. Compared with binapacryl or dino‐cap (and with elemental sulphur on the sulphur‐tolerant cv. Golden Delicious), these compounds were more phytotoxic without substantially or consistently improving the control of Podosphaera leucotricha; fruit russet was increased and the crop and fruit size of some cultivars were reduced in some trials. In 1969 the inclusion of bis(dimethylthiocarbamoylthio)‐methylarsine (44 ppm) as Urbacid (R) in the sprays reduced russeting by benomyl and Dowco 199 so that these fungicides became as safe as captan on several cultivars; Dowco 199 was also safened by captan (500 ppm). Urbacid (R) (88 ppm a.i.) safened benomyl and triarimol on fewer cultivars in 1970 when russet was less severe. The addition of Urbacid (R) did not prevent yield losses caused by sprays in either year. The crop is most sensitive to spray damage from pink bud until late June. This is a crucial period for the control of mildew, and unless new fungicides are less phytotoxic, palliatives may become necessary adjuvants.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The tested fungicides were more phytotoxic than reference sprays.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae2 - Treatment
- Benomyl, pyrazophos (HOE 2873), triarimol, triforine and the non‐systemic fungicide diethyl phthalimidophosphonothionate (Dowco 199)e1
- Outcome
- phytotoxice0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- binapacryl or dino‐cape0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with binapacryl or dino‐cap (and with elemental sulphur on the sulphur‐tolerant cv. Golden Delicious), these compounds were more phytotoxic”
e1“Benomyl, pyrazophos (HOE 2873), triarimol, triforine and the non‐systemic fungicide diethyl phthalimidophosphonothionate (Dowco 199)”
e2“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested fungicides did not substantially or consistently improve powdery mildew control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae3
- Treatment
- Benomyl, pyrazophos (HOE 2873), triarimol, triforine and the non‐systemic fungicide diethyl phthalimidophosphonothionate (Dowco 199)e1
- Interactor
- Podosphaera leucotricha
Podosphaera leucotrichae0pathogen - Outcome
- control of Podosphaera leucotrichae0
- Direction
- without substantially or consistently improvinge0
- Comparator
- binapacryl or dino‐cape2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without substantially or consistently improving the control of Podosphaera leucotricha”
e1“Benomyl, pyrazophos (HOE 2873), triarimol, triforine and the non‐systemic fungicide diethyl phthalimidophosphonothionate (Dowco 199)”
e2“Compared with binapacryl or dino‐cap”
e3“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The sprays increased fruit russet in some trials.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- these compoundse1
- Outcome
- fruit russete0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit russet was increased”
e1“these compounds”
e2“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The sprays reduced crop in some cultivars and trials.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- these compoundse1
- Outcome
- the crope0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- some cultivarse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the crop and fruit size of some cultivars were reduced in some trials”
e1“these compounds”
e2“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The sprays reduced fruit size in some cultivars and trials.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- these compoundse1
- Outcome
- fruit sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- some cultivarse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the crop and fruit size of some cultivars were reduced in some trials”
e1“these compounds”
e2“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Urbacid reduced benomyl-associated russet in 1969.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Urbacid (R)e0
- Outcome
- russetinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 44 ppme0
- Comparator
- benomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1969 the inclusion of bis(dimethylthiocarbamoylthio)‐methylarsine (44 ppm) as Urbacid (R) in the sprays reduced russeting by benomyl and Dowco 199”
e1“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Urbacid reduced Dowco 199-associated russet in 1969.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Urbacid (R)e0
- Outcome
- russetinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 44 ppme0
- Comparator
- Dowco 199e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1969 the inclusion of bis(dimethylthiocarbamoylthio)‐methylarsine (44 ppm) as Urbacid (R) in the sprays reduced russeting by benomyl and Dowco 199”
e1“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan safened Dowco 199.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- captan (500 ppm)e0
- Outcome
- safenede0
- Comparator
- Dowco 199e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dowco 199 was also safened by captan (500 ppm)”
e1“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Urbacid safened benomyl on fewer cultivars in 1970.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Urbacid (R) (88 ppm a.i.)e0
- Outcome
- safenede0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Comparator
- benomyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urbacid (R) (88 ppm a.i.) safened benomyl and triarimol on fewer cultivars in 1970”
e1“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Urbacid safened triarimol on fewer cultivars in 1970.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Urbacid (R) (88 ppm a.i.)e0
- Outcome
- safenede0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Comparator
- triarimole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urbacid (R) (88 ppm a.i.) safened benomyl and triarimol on fewer cultivars in 1970”
e1“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Urbacid did not prevent spray-related yield losses in either year.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Urbacid (R)e0
- Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Direction
- did not prevente0
- Comparator
- sprayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of Urbacid (R) did not prevent yield losses caused by sprays in either year.”
e1“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple crop sensitivity to spray damage was greatest from pink bud until late June.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Organ / stage
- pink bude0
- Outcome
- sensitive to spray damagee0
- Direction
- moste0
- Qualifier
- until late Junee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The crop is most sensitive to spray damage from pink bud until late June.”
e1“apple cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest palliatives may become necessary adjuvants unless new fungicides are less phytotoxic.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- palliatives may become necessary adjuvantse0
- Qualifier
- unless new fungicides are less phytotoxice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unless new fungicides are less phytotoxic, palliatives may become necessary adjuvants”
e1“apple cultivars”
The same questions in other papers
benomyl · crop injury · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
fungicide · crop injury · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
fungicide · Podosphaera leucotricha · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.