Abstract
Isolates of Penicillium spp. were collected regularly from 2001 to 2003 from the surfaces of apple fruit pre‐ and postharvest, and from the atmosphere of orchards and storage rooms in France. Penicillium spp. were not detected from the atmosphere of conventional orchards, while their density did not exceed 50 spores m −3 in the atmosphere of organically managed orchards. Penicillium spp. were seldom detected on apple surfaces in the orchard. The density of Penicillium on apples increased from 10 to 50 spores cm −2 after 1 month in storage to 300–400 spores cm −2 after 6 months. The level of airborne Penicillium increased by up to 2 × 10 4 and 2·5 × 10 3 spores m −3 within nondisinfected and previously disinfected warehouses, respectively. Penicillium expansum (30–62%) and P. solitum (6–45%) were the most prevalent species on apple or in storage rooms. Other species of Penicillium isolated included P. commune , P. verrucosum , P. chrysogenum , P. rugulosum and P. digitatum . Apple fruit were also surveyed for wounds and the number of open lenticels using the sulphur dioxide test. The incidence of wounding at harvest varied from 12 to 36%, depending on cultivar and locality. When apples were inoculated at harvest by either aqueous or aerial inoculum of P. expansum , the decay incidence was constantly higher than the incidence of wounding. The number of open lenticels per cm 2 of apple surface varied from 0·5 on cv. Boskoop to 4·4 on cv. Golden Delicious. An average of 13 and 2·1% of lenticels, respectively, were infected when they were inoculated by P. expansum and P. verrucosum . Cultivars of apple fruit that showed a greater number of open lenticels, combined with a large diameter varying from 100 to 200 µ m, were more susceptible to P. expansum .
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Airborne Penicillium was absent from conventional orchards.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Interactor
- Penicillium spp.
Penicilliume0pathogen - Outcome
- Penicillium spp.e0
- Setting
- conventional orchardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium spp. were not detected from the atmosphere of conventional orchards”
t0“apples in pre‐ and postharvest environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Airborne Penicillium density was at most 50 spores m −3 in organic orchards.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Penicillium spp.Penicilliumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- densitye0
- Direction
- did not exceede0
- Value
- 50 spores m −3e0
- Setting
- organically managed orchardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their density did not exceed 50 spores m −3 in the atmosphere of organically managed orchards.”
t0“Penicillium spp. on apples in pre‐ and postharvest environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium was seldom found on orchard apple surfaces.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- Penicillium spp.Penicilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Penicillium spp.e0
- Setting
- orcharde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium spp. were seldom detected on apple surfaces in the orchard.”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium density on stored apples rose from 10 to 50 spores cm −2 after one month to 300–400 after six months.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- density of Penicillium on applese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 300–400 spores cm −2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The density of Penicillium on apples increased from 10 to 50 spores cm −2 after 1 month in storage to 300–400 spores cm −2 after 6 months.”
Claim · model-written summary
Airborne Penicillium increased up to 2 × 10 4 spores m −3 in nondisinfected warehouses.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- airborne Penicilliume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2 × 10 4e0
- Setting
- nondisinfectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“airborne Penicillium increased by up to 2 × 10 4 and 2·5 × 10 3 spores m −3 within nondisinfected and previously disinfected warehouses, respectively.”
t0“apples in pre‐ and postharvest environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Airborne Penicillium increased up to 2·5 × 10 3 spores m −3 in previously disinfected warehouses.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- airborne Penicilliume0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2·5 × 10 3 spores m −3e0
- Setting
- previously disinfected warehousese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“airborne Penicillium increased by up to 2 × 10 4 and 2·5 × 10 3 spores m −3 within nondisinfected and previously disinfected warehouses, respectively.”
t0“apples in pre‐ and postharvest environments”
Claim · model-written summary
P. expansum was among the most prevalent species, at 30–62%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- most prevalent speciese0
- Value
- 30–62%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium expansum (30–62%) and P. solitum (6–45%) were the most prevalent species on apple or in storage rooms.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. solitum was among the most prevalent species, at 6–45%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- P. solitumPenicillium solitume0pathogen
- Outcome
- most prevalent speciese0
- Value
- 6–45%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium expansum (30–62%) and P. solitum (6–45%) were the most prevalent species on apple or in storage rooms.”
Claim · model-written summary
Other Penicillium species were also isolated.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Other species of Penicillium isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other species of Penicillium isolated included P. commune , P. verrucosum , P. chrysogenum , P. rugulosum and P. digitatum .”
t0“apples in pre‐ and postharvest environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple wounding incidence at harvest varied from 12 to 36% by cultivar and locality.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- incidence of wounding at harveste0
- Direction
- variede0
- Value
- 12 to 36%e0
- Qualifier
- depending on cultivar and localitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The incidence of wounding at harvest varied from 12 to 36%, depending on cultivar and locality.”
t0“apples in pre‐ and postharvest environments”
Claim · model-written summary
After inoculation with P. expansum, decay incidence exceeded wounding incidence.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- inoculated at harvest by either aqueous or aerial inoculum of P. expansume0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- decay incidencee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- incidence of woundinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When apples were inoculated at harvest by either aqueous or aerial inoculum of P. expansum , the decay incidence was constantly higher than the incidence of wounding.”
Claim · model-written summary
Boskoop apples had 0·5 open lenticels per cm 2.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- cv. Boskoope0
- Outcome
- number of open lenticels per cm 2 of apple surfacee0
- Value
- 0·5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of open lenticels per cm 2 of apple surface varied from 0·5 on cv. Boskoop to 4·4 on cv. Golden Delicious.”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Delicious apples had 4·4 open lenticels per cm 2.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- cv. Golden Deliciouse0
- Outcome
- number of open lenticels per cm 2 of apple surfacee0
- Value
- 4·4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of open lenticels per cm 2 of apple surface varied from 0·5 on cv. Boskoop to 4·4 on cv. Golden Delicious.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. expansum inoculation infected an average 13% of lenticels.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- inoculated by P. expansume0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- lenticels, respectively, were infectede0
- Value
- 13e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An average of 13 and 2·1% of lenticels, respectively, were infected when they were inoculated by P. expansum and P. verrucosum .”
t0“apples in pre‐ and postharvest environments”
Claim · model-written summary
P. verrucosum inoculation infected an average 2·1% of lenticels.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Interactor
- P. verrucosumPenicillium verrucosume0pathogen
- Outcome
- lenticels, respectively, were infectede0
- Value
- 2·1%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An average of 13 and 2·1% of lenticels, respectively, were infected when they were inoculated by P. expansum and P. verrucosum .”
t0“apples in pre‐ and postharvest environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivars with more and larger open lenticels were more susceptible to P. expansum.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- open lenticelse0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptible to P. expansume0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Value
- 100 to 200 µ me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivars of apple fruit that showed a greater number of open lenticels, combined with a large diameter varying from 100 to 200 µ m, were more susceptible to P. expansum .”
The same questions in other papers
Penicillium expansum · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
inoculation · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
39 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.