Abstract
Penicillium expansum is one of the main postharvest pathogens of apples in Israel. Heating apple fruit inoculated with P. expansum for 96 h at 38°C completely inhibited decay development. Fruit held for 24 h at 42°C or 12 h at 46°C had significantly reduced decay after an additional 14 days incubation at 20°C, compared with unheated inoculated control fruit. Mycelial growth and percentage spore germination in vitro were inversely proportional to length of time of exposure to various temperatures. The ET 50 for spore germination was 42, 34 and 20 h at 38, 42 and 46°C, respectively, while the ET 50 for mycelial growth was 48, 44 and 36 h at those temperatures. When Penicillium spores were incubated on crude extract prepared from the peel of apple fruits held 4 days at 38°C, germ tube elongation was significantly reduced, while the walls of the tubes were thicker, compared with germ tubes from spores incubated on crude extract prepared from peel of non‐heated fruit. The evidence presented here supports the hypothesis that the effect of heating on the decay of apples caused by P. expansum is not only the result of direct inhibition of fungal germination and growth by high temperature, but is also partly due to the formation of an inhibitory substance in the heated peel.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Heating inoculated apple fruit for 96 h at 38°C completely inhibited decay.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- Heating apple fruit inoculated with P. expansum for 96 h at 38°Ce0
- Interactor
- P. expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- decay developmente0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heating apple fruit inoculated with P. expansum for 96 h at 38°C completely inhibited decay development”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating fruit 24 h at 42°C reduced decay after incubation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 24 h at 42°Ce0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- after an additional 14 days incubation at 20°Ce0
- Comparator
- unheated inoculated control fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit held for 24 h at 42°C or 12 h at 46°C had significantly reduced decay after an additional 14 days incubation at 20°C, compared with unheated inoculated control fruit”
t0“Penicillium expansum in apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating fruit 12 h at 46°C reduced decay after incubation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 12 h at 46°Ce0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- unheated inoculated control fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit held for 24 h at 42°C or 12 h at 46°C had significantly reduced decay after an additional 14 days incubation at 20°C, compared with unheated inoculated control fruit”
t0“Penicillium expansum in apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal mycelial growth declined with longer temperature exposure.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- exposure to various temperaturese0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- Mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inversely proportionale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycelial growth and percentage spore germination in vitro were inversely proportional to length of time of exposure to various temperatures”
t0“Penicillium expansum in apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal spore germination declined with longer temperature exposure.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- exposure to various temperaturese0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage spore germinatione0
- Direction
- inversely proportionale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycelial growth and percentage spore germination in vitro were inversely proportional to length of time of exposure to various temperatures”
t0“Penicillium expansum in apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Spore germination ET 50 values were 42, 34 and 20 h at 38, 42 and 46°C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- ET 50 for spore germinatione0
- Value
- 42, 34 and 20 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ET 50 for spore germination was 42, 34 and 20 h at 38, 42 and 46°C, respectively”
t0“Penicillium expansum in apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycelial growth ET 50 values were 48, 44 and 36 h at those temperatures.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- ET 50 for mycelial growthe0
- Value
- 48, 44 and 36 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ET 50 for mycelial growth was 48, 44 and 36 h at those temperatures”
t0“Penicillium expansum in apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract from heated apple peel reduced Penicillium germ tube elongation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- crude extract prepared from the peel of apple fruits held 4 days at 38°Ce1
- Interactor
- Penicillium
Penicilliume1pathogen - Outcome
- germ tube elongatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- crude extract prepared from peel of non‐heated fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germ tube elongation was significantly reduced, while the walls of the tubes were thicker, compared with germ tubes from spores incubated on crude extract prepared from peel of non‐heated fruit”
t0“apple fruit”
e1“Penicillium spores were incubated on crude extract prepared from the peel of apple fruits held 4 days at 38°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract from heated apple peel produced thicker Penicillium germ tube walls.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- crude extract prepared from the peel of apple fruits held 4 days at 38°Ce1
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliume1pathogen
- Outcome
- walls of the tubese0
- Direction
- thickere0
- Comparator
- crude extract prepared from peel of non‐heated fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the walls of the tubes were thicker, compared with germ tubes from spores incubated on crude extract prepared from peel of non‐heated fruit”
t0“apple fruit”
e1“Penicillium spores were incubated on crude extract prepared from the peel of apple fruits held 4 days at 38°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer an inhibitory substance in heated peel partly explains reduced decay.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume1pathogen
- Outcome
- decay of apples caused by P. expansume1
- Qualifier
- formation of an inhibitory substance in the heated peele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“partly due to the formation of an inhibitory substance in the heated peel”
t0“apple fruit”
e1“decay of apples caused by P. expansum”
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