Abstract
Blue mold is an economically significant postharvest disease of pome fruit that is primarily caused by Penicillium expansum. To manage this disease and sustain product quality, novel decay intervention strategies are needed that also maintain long-term efficacy. Biocontrol organisms and natural products are promising tools for managing postharvest diseases. Here, two Penicillium chrysogenum isolates, 404 and 413, were investigated as potential biocontrol agents against P. expansum in apple. Notably, 404 and 413 were non-pathogenic in apple, yet they grew vigorously in vitro when compared to the highly aggressive P. expansum R19 and Pe21 isolates. Whole-genome sequencing and species-specific barcoding identified both strains as P. chrysogenum. Each P. chrysogenum strain was inoculated in apple with the subsequent co-inoculation of R19 or Pe21 simultaneously, 3, or 7 days after prior inoculation with 404 or 413. The co-inoculation of these isolates showed reduced decay incidence and severity, with the most significant reduction from the longer establishment of P. chrysogenum. In vitro growth showed no antagonism between species, further suggesting competitive niche colonization as the mode of action for decay reduction. Both P. chrysogenum isolates had incomplete patulin gene clusters but tolerated patulin treatment. Finally, hygromycin resistance was observed for both P. chrysogenum isolates, yet they are not multiresistant to apple postharvest fungicides. Overall, we demonstrate the translative potential of P. chrysogenum to serve as an effective biocontrol agent against blue mold decay in apples, pending practical optimization and formulation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Isolates 404 and 413 were non-pathogenic in apple.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- 404 and 413e0
- Outcome
- non-pathogenice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“404 and 413 were non-pathogenic in apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Both candidate isolates grew vigorously in vitro compared with P. expansum R19 and Pe21.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- P. expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- grew vigorouslye0
- Comparator
- P. expansum R19 and Pe21 isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“they grew vigorously in vitro when compared to the highly aggressive P. expansum R19 and Pe21 isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequencing and barcoding identified both isolates as P. chrysogenum.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- identified both strains as P. chrysogenume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Whole-genome sequencing and species-specific barcoding identified both strains as P. chrysogenum”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation reduced apple decay incidence and severity.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of these isolatese0
- Outcome
- decay incidence and severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“The co-inoculation of these isolates showed reduced decay incidence and severity”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer establishment of P. chrysogenum gave the greatest decay reduction.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- most significant reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“with the most significant reduction from the longer establishment of P. chrysogenum”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro growth showed no antagonism between the species.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- no antagonism between speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“In vitro growth showed no antagonism between species”
Claim · model-written summary
Competitive niche colonization was suggested as the mode of decay reduction.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- decay reductione0
- Qualifier
- competitive niche colonizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“suggesting competitive niche colonization as the mode of action for decay reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Both P. chrysogenum isolates had incomplete patulin gene clusters.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- incomplete patulin gene clusterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Both P. chrysogenum isolates had incomplete patulin gene clusters”
Claim · model-written summary
Both P. chrysogenum isolates tolerated patulin treatment.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- tolerated patulin treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Both P. chrysogenum isolates had incomplete patulin gene clusters but tolerated patulin treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Both P. chrysogenum isolates showed hygromycin resistance.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- P. chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- hygromycin resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“hygromycin resistance was observed for both P. chrysogenum isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither candidate isolate was multiresistant to apple postharvest fungicides.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- not multiresistant to apple postharvest fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they are not multiresistant to apple postharvest fungicides”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 40 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.