Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi to study the effect of tillage and crop establishment practices on growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.), weed infestation, nitrogen uptake and economics. Tillage and crop establishment practices, viz conventional tillage - flat bed, conventional tillage - narrow-bed (ridge and furrow), conventional tillage - broad-bed, minimum tillage - flat bed, and stale seed-bed - flat bed (included in 2005 only) were combined with weed control methods, viz unweeded control, atrazine @ 1 kg/ha as pre-emergence, atrazine + manual weeding at 30 days of growth, and atrazine + paraquat as directed spray at 35 days of growth in a splitplot design replicated thrice. The mean loss in grain yield of maize due to unchecked weed infestation was 43.5-46.4%. Adoption of stale seed-bed practice (in 2005) caused reduction in weed count (18.8-34.1%) and dry weight (21.3%) as compared with that of conventional tillage - flat bed. The highest grain yield (2.90 tonnes/ha) was obtained under stale seed-bed, which was significantly more (13.7%) than conventional tillage - flat bed. Bed planting systems resulted in similar weed infestation but a relatively higher grain yield (6.9-14.6%) as compared with that of conventional tillage - flat bed. Minimum tillage gave the lowest yield (2.30-2.60 tonnes/ha) due to poor growth of maize plants associated with higher weed infestation. Pre-emergence application of atrazine provided good early control of the few broad-leaved species, viz Trianthema portulacastrum L. and Digera muricata (L.) Mart.; syn D. arvensis Forsk, while the grassy weeds dominated by Echinochloa colonum Medik were only partially controlled. Supplementation with manual weeding or paraquat directed spray after a month of growth was necessary to achieve season-long control of weeds and higher productivity of maize. Nitrogen uptake by maize increased while that by weeds decreased under the treatments that provided effective control of weeds and improved growth and yield performance of maize. Regression analysis also indicated that yield and N uptake of maize were negatively correlated with that of weeds (r = - 0.937** and - 0.958**). Unweeded control recorded negative returns under all tillage practices (- 682 to - 1 594 Rs/ha), while the highest net returns/Re invested were under stale seed-bed along with atrazine + paraquat (0.565), followed by atrazine + manual weeding (0.512). Growing maize by adopting stale seed-bed practice and controlling weeds with atrazine as pre-emergence and paraquat as post-emergence directed spray is recommended for higher productivity and profitability.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Unchecked weed infestation caused a mean loss of 43.5-46.4% in maize grain yield.
- Treatment
- unchecked weed infestatione2
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 43.5-46.4%e2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“The mean loss in grain yield of maize due to unchecked weed infestation was 43.5-46.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Stale seed-bed practice reduced weed count by 18.8-34.1% compared with conventional tillage flat bed in 2005.
- Treatment
- stale seed-bed practicee2
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- weed counte2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Value
- 18.8-34.1%e2
- Comparator
- conventional tillage - flat bede2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Adoption of stale seed-bed practice (in 2005) caused reduction in weed count (18.8-34.1%) and dry weight (21.3%) as compared with that of conventional tillage - flat bed”
Claim · model-written summary
Stale seed-bed practice reduced weed dry weight by 21.3% compared with conventional tillage flat bed.
- Treatment
- stale seed-bed practicee2
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Value
- 21.3%e2
- Comparator
- conventional tillage - flat bede2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Adoption of stale seed-bed practice (in 2005) caused reduction in weed count (18.8-34.1%) and dry weight (21.3%) as compared with that of conventional tillage - flat bed”
Claim · model-written summary
Stale seed-bed produced the highest maize grain yield (2.90 tonnes/ha) compared with conventional tillage flat bed.
- Treatment
- stale seed-bede2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 2.90 tonnes/hae2
- Comparator
- conventional tillage - flat bede2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“The highest grain yield (2.90 tonnes/ha) was obtained under stale seed-bed, which was significantly more (13.7%) than conventional tillage - flat bed”
Claim · model-written summary
Stale seed-bed significantly increased maize grain yield by 13.7% compared with conventional tillage flat bed.
- Treatment
- stale seed-bede2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 13.7%e2
- Comparator
- conventional tillage - flat bede2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“The highest grain yield (2.90 tonnes/ha) was obtained under stale seed-bed, which was significantly more (13.7%) than conventional tillage - flat bed”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting systems had similar weed infestation to conventional tillage flat bed.
- Treatment
- Bed planting systemse2
- Interactor
- weede2weed
- Outcome
- weed infestatione2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- conventional tillage - flat bede2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Bed planting systems resulted in similar weed infestation but a relatively higher grain yield (6.9-14.6%) as compared with that of conventional tillage - flat bed”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting systems gave a relatively higher maize grain yield (6.9-14.6%) than conventional tillage flat bed.
- Treatment
- Bed planting systemse2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 6.9-14.6%e2
- Comparator
- conventional tillage - flat bede2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Bed planting systems resulted in similar weed infestation but a relatively higher grain yield (6.9-14.6%) as compared with that of conventional tillage - flat bed”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage gave the lowest maize yield (2.30-2.60 tonnes/ha), due to poor maize growth associated with higher weed infestation.
- Treatment
- Minimum tillagee2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 2.30-2.60 tonnes/hae2
- Qualifier
- due to poor growth of maize plants associated with higher weed infestatione2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Minimum tillage gave the lowest yield (2.30-2.60 tonnes/ha) due to poor growth of maize plants associated with higher weed infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence atrazine gave good early control of the few broad-leaved weed species.
- Treatment
- Pre-emergence application of atrazinee2
- Interactor
- broad-leaved speciese2weed
- Outcome
- early controle2
- Direction
- goode2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Pre-emergence application of atrazine provided good early control of the few broad-leaved species”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence atrazine only partially controlled the grassy weeds dominated by Echinochloa colonum.
- Treatment
- Pre-emergence application of atrazinee2
- Interactor
- Echinochloa colonum
Echinochloa colonae3weed - Outcome
- controle3
- Direction
- partially controllede3
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Pre-emergence application of atrazine provided good early control of the few broad-leaved species”
e3“while the grassy weeds dominated by Echinochloa colonum Medik were only partially controlled”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementation with manual weeding or paraquat directed spray after a month is necessary to achieve season-long weed control in maize.
- Treatment
- Supplementation with manual weeding or paraquat directed spraye2
- Outcome
- season-long control of weedse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Supplementation with manual weeding or paraquat directed spray after a month of growth was necessary to achieve season-long control of weeds and higher productivity of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementation with manual weeding or paraquat directed spray increased maize productivity.
- Treatment
- Supplementation with manual weeding or paraquat directed spraye2
- Outcome
- productivity of maizee2
- Direction
- highere2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Supplementation with manual weeding or paraquat directed spray after a month of growth was necessary to achieve season-long control of weeds and higher productivity of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing maize with stale seed-bed and atrazine pre-emergence plus paraquat post-emergence spray is recommended for higher productivity and profitability.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Growing maize by adopting stale seed-bed practice and controlling weeds with atrazine as pre-emergence and paraquat as post-emergence directed spray is recommended for higher productivity and profitability”
Claim · model-written summary
Unweeded control gave negative returns under all tillage practices (-682 to -1594 Rs/ha).
- Treatment
- Unweeded controle2
- Outcome
- returnse2
- Direction
- negativee2
- Value
- - 682 to - 1 594 Rs/hae2
- Qualifier
- under all tillage practicese2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Unweeded control recorded negative returns under all tillage practices (- 682 to - 1 594 Rs/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Stale seed-bed with atrazine plus paraquat gave the highest net returns per rupee invested (0.565).
- Treatment
- stale seed-bed along with atrazine + paraquate2
- Outcome
- net returns/Re investede2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 0.565e2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“the highest net returns/Re invested were under stale seed-bed along with atrazine + paraquat (0.565)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine with manual weeding gave the second-highest net returns per rupee invested (0.512).
- Treatment
- atrazine + manual weedinge3
- Outcome
- net returns/Re investede2
- Direction
- followed bye3
- Value
- 0.512e3
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“the highest net returns/Re invested were under stale seed-bed along with atrazine + paraquat (0.565)”
e3“followed by atrazine + manual weeding (0.512)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield was negatively correlated with weed yield (r = -0.937).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Yield and N uptake of maize were negatively correlated with that of weeds (r = - 0.937** and - 0.958**)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize N uptake was negatively correlated with weed N uptake (r = -0.958).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Yield and N uptake of maize were negatively correlated with that of weeds (r = - 0.937** and - 0.958**)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize N uptake increased under treatments that gave effective weed control.
- Treatment
- treatments that provided effective control of weedse2
- Outcome
- Nitrogen uptake by maizee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Nitrogen uptake by maize increased while that by weeds decreased under the treatments that provided effective control of weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed N uptake decreased under treatments that gave effective weed control.
- Treatment
- treatments that provided effective control of weedse2
- Interactor
- weedse2weed
- Outcome
- that by weedse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Setting
- New Delhie1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2004 and 2005 at New Delhi”
e2“Nitrogen uptake by maize increased while that by weeds decreased under the treatments that provided effective control of weeds”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.