Abstract
Abstract Research was conducted from 2013 to 2015 across three sites in Mississippi to evaluate corn response to sublethal paraquat or fomesafen (105 and 35 g ai ha −1 , respectively) applied PRE, or to corn at the V1, V3, V5, V7, or V9 growth stages. Fomesafen injury to corn at three d after treatment (DAT) ranged from 0% to 38%, and declined over time. Compared with the nontreated control (NTC), corn height 14 DAT was reduced approximately 15% due to fomesafen exposure at V5 or V7. Exposure at V1 or V7 resulted in 1,220 and 1,110 kg ha −1 yield losses, respectively, compared with the NTC, but yield losses were not observed at any other growth stage. Fomesafen exposure at any growth stage did not affect corn ear length or number of kernel rows relative to the NTC. Paraquat injury to corn ranged from 26% to 65%, depending on growth stage and evaluation interval. Corn exposure to paraquat at V3 or V5 consistently caused greater injury across evaluation intervals, compared with other growth stages. POST timings of paraquat exposure resulted in corn height reductions of 13% to 50%, except at V7, which was most likely due to rapid internode elongation at that stage. Likewise, yield loss occurred after all exposure times of paraquat except PRE, compared with the NTC. Corn yield was reduced 1,740 to 5,120 kg ha −1 compared with the NTC, generally worsening as exposure time was delayed. Paraquat exposure did not reduce corn ear length, compared with the NTC, at any growth stage. However, paraquat exposure at V3 or V5 was associated with reduction of kernel rows by 1.1 and 1.7, respectively, relative to the NTC. Paraquat and fomesafen applications near corn should be avoided if conditions are conducive for off-target movement, because significant injury and yield loss can result.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Fomesafen injury to corn three days after treatment ranged from 0% to 38% and declined over time.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Outcome
- Fomesafen injurye0
- Value
- 0% to 38%e0
- Qualifier
- declined over timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fomesafen injury to corn at three d after treatment (DAT) ranged from 0% to 38%, and declined over time”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn height 14 DAT was reduced by approximately 15% by fomesafen exposure at V5 or V7 compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- fomesafen exposure at V5 or V7e0
- Outcome
- corn height 14 DATe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- approximately 15%e0
- Comparator
- nontreated control (NTC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the nontreated control (NTC), corn height 14 DAT was reduced approximately 15% due to fomesafen exposure at V5 or V7”
Claim · model-written summary
Fomesafen exposure at V1 caused a corn yield loss of 1,220 kg ha-1 compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Exposure at V1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lossese0
- Value
- 1,220e0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure at V1 or V7 resulted in 1,220 and 1,110 kg ha −1 yield losses, respectively, compared with the NTC”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fomesafen exposure at V7 caused a corn yield loss of 1,110 kg ha-1 compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Exposuree0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lossese0
- Value
- 1,110e0
- Qualifier
- V7e0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure at V1 or V7 resulted in 1,220 and 1,110 kg ha −1 yield losses, respectively, compared with the NTC”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fomesafen yield losses in corn were not observed at any other growth stage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- any other growth stagee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- not observede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield losses were not observed at any other growth stage”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fomesafen exposure at any growth stage did not affect corn ear length or number of kernel rows relative to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Fomesafen exposure at any growth stagee0
- Outcome
- corn ear length or number of kernel rowse0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fomesafen exposure at any growth stage did not affect corn ear length or number of kernel rows relative to the NTC”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat injury to corn ranged from 26% to 65%, depending on growth stage and evaluation interval.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- Paraquat injurye0
- Value
- 26% to 65%e0
- Qualifier
- depending on growth stage and evaluation intervale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paraquat injury to corn ranged from 26% to 65%, depending on growth stage and evaluation interval”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn exposure to paraquat at V3 or V5 consistently caused greater injury than other growth stages.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- paraquat at V3 or V5e0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- other growth stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn exposure to paraquat at V3 or V5 consistently caused greater injury across evaluation intervals, compared with other growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
POST paraquat exposure reduced corn height by 13% to 50%, except at V7.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- POST timings of paraquat exposuree0
- Outcome
- corn heighte0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 13% to 50%e0
- Qualifier
- except at V7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“POST timings of paraquat exposure resulted in corn height reductions of 13% to 50%, except at V7, which was most likely due to rapid internode elongation at that stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The absence of a height reduction at V7 was most likely due to rapid internode elongation at that stage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- corn height reductionse0
- Qualifier
- rapid internode elongatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“POST timings of paraquat exposure resulted in corn height reductions of 13% to 50%, except at V7, which was most likely due to rapid internode elongation at that stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield loss occurred after all paraquat exposure times except PRE, compared with the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- all exposure times of paraquat except PREe0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield loss occurred after all exposure times of paraquat except PRE, compared with the NTC”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield was reduced by 1,740 to 5,120 kg ha-1 compared with the nontreated control, generally worsening as exposure time was delayed.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- exposure timee0
- Outcome
- Corn yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1,740 to 5,120 kg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- generally worsening as exposure time was delayede0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn yield was reduced 1,740 to 5,120 kg ha −1 compared with the NTC, generally worsening as exposure time was delayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat exposure did not reduce corn ear length compared with the nontreated control at any growth stage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Paraquat exposuree0
- Outcome
- corn ear lengthe0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paraquat exposure did not reduce corn ear length, compared with the NTC, at any growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat exposure at V3 was associated with a reduction of kernel rows by 1.1 relative to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- paraquat exposuree0
- Outcome
- kernel rowse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 1.1e0
- Qualifier
- V3e0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“paraquat exposure at V3 or V5 was associated with reduction of kernel rows by 1.1 and 1.7, respectively, relative to the NTC”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat exposure at V5 was associated with a reduction of kernel rows by 1.7 relative to the nontreated control.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- paraquat exposuree0
- Outcome
- kernel rowse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 1.7e0
- Qualifier
- V5e0
- Comparator
- NTCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“paraquat exposure at V3 or V5 was associated with reduction of kernel rows by 1.1 and 1.7, respectively, relative to the NTC”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat and fomesafen applications near corn should be avoided when conditions favour off-target movement, because significant injury and yield loss can result.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- Paraquat and fomesafen applications near corn should be avoidede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paraquat and fomesafen applications near corn should be avoided if conditions are conducive for off-target movement”
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