Abstract
This study evaluates the impact of the complete early leaf removal on the fruit zone for consecutive growing seasons (2023–2024) on the agronomic performance and oenological potential of the indigenous Greek red cultivar Avgoustiatis (Vitis vinifera L.), which is cultivated in Zakynthos, Greece. The defoliated treatment significantly reconfigured vine productivity, inducing a 33–34% reduction in yield during both years of the study and a contraction in berry mass, which consequently increased the skin-to-berry ratio by 30% and 60% for the 2023 and 2024 vintages, respectively. In the must, defoliation facilitated a desirable decoupling of sugar and acidity, achieving higher soluble solids while maintaining a robust acid core. Furthermore, defoliation enhanced phenolic maturity, in both vintages, increasing total anthocyanins and improving their extractability. Although extreme thermal conditions in 2024 led to lower color intensity and total phenolics in the treated wines compared to the control, the volatile profile revealed a significant reduction in herbaceous C6 alcohols and an increase in floral terpenes like nerol. Sensory analysis confirmed that defoliated wines were characterized by lower astringency and superior aromatic typicity, with distinct notes of violet and vanilla. These findings suggest that early defoliation is a potent tool for optimizing the structural and aromatic integrity of Avgoustiatis, though its application must be adapted against Mediterranean thermal stress.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Early defoliation reduced vine yield by 33–34% in both years.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.
Vitis viniferat0 - Treatment
- defoliated treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 33–34%e0
- Qualifier
- during both years of the studye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The defoliated treatment significantly reconfigured vine productivity, inducing a 33–34% reduction in yield during both years of the study”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation contracted berry mass.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- defoliated treatmente0
- Outcome
- berry masse0
- Direction
- contractione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The defoliated treatment significantly reconfigured vine productivity, inducing a 33–34% reduction in yield during both years of the study and a contraction in berry mass”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation increased the skin-to-berry ratio by 30% in 2023.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- Early Leaf Removalt1
- Outcome
- skin-to-berry ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the skin-to-berry ratio by 30% and 60% for the 2023 and 2024 vintages, respectively”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
t1“The Effect of Early Leaf Removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation increased the skin-to-berry ratio by 60% in 2024.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- Early Leaf Removalt1
- Outcome
- skin-to-berry ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Qualifier
- 2024e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the skin-to-berry ratio by 30% and 60% for the 2023 and 2024 vintages, respectively”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
t1“The Effect of Early Leaf Removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation raised must soluble solids.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- muste0
- Treatment
- defoliatione0
- Outcome
- soluble solidse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the must, defoliation facilitated a desirable decoupling of sugar and acidity, achieving higher soluble solids while maintaining a robust acid core.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation maintained must acidity.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- muste0
- Treatment
- defoliatione0
- Outcome
- acid coree0
- Direction
- maintaininge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the must, defoliation facilitated a desirable decoupling of sugar and acidity, achieving higher soluble solids while maintaining a robust acid core.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation increased total anthocyanins in both vintages.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- defoliatione0
- Outcome
- total anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- both vintagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“defoliation enhanced phenolic maturity, in both vintages, increasing total anthocyanins and improving their extractability.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation improved anthocyanin extractability in both vintages.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- defoliatione0
- Outcome
- extractabilitye0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- both vintagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“defoliation enhanced phenolic maturity, in both vintages, increasing total anthocyanins and improving their extractability.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2024, treated wines had lower color intensity and total phenolics than control wines under extreme heat.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- treated winese0
- Outcome
- color intensity and total phenolicse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- extreme thermal conditions in 2024e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extreme thermal conditions in 2024 led to lower color intensity and total phenolics in the treated wines compared to the control”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation reduced herbaceous C6 alcohols in wine.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- Early Leaf Removalt1
- Outcome
- herbaceous C6 alcoholse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the volatile profile revealed a significant reduction in herbaceous C6 alcohols and an increase in floral terpenes like nerol”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
t1“The Effect of Early Leaf Removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation increased floral terpenes such as nerol in wine.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- Early Leaf Removalt1
- Outcome
- floral terpenes like nerole0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the volatile profile revealed a significant reduction in herbaceous C6 alcohols and an increase in floral terpenes like nerol”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
t1“The Effect of Early Leaf Removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliated wines had lower astringency.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- defoliated winese0
- Outcome
- astringencye0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“defoliated wines were characterized by lower astringency and superior aromatic typicity, with distinct notes of violet and vanilla”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliated wines had superior aromatic typicity with violet and vanilla notes.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- defoliated winese0
- Outcome
- aromatic typicitye0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Qualifier
- distinct notes of violet and vanillae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“defoliated wines were characterized by lower astringency and superior aromatic typicity, with distinct notes of violet and vanilla”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend adapting early defoliation to Mediterranean thermal stress.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- early defoliatione0
- Outcome
- application must be adapted against Mediterranean thermal stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early defoliation is a potent tool for optimizing the structural and aromatic integrity of Avgoustiatis, though its application must be adapted against Mediterranean thermal stress”
t0“Vitis vinifera L. Avgoustiatis”
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