Abstract
Low-temperature stress severely limits rice seedling establishment, threatening yield in high-latitude regions. Beneficial microbial symbioses can improve chilling tolerance, yet the mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizal–microbial addition (AMB) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of AMB, composed of Rhizophagus intraradices , Agrobacterium rhizogenes , and Bacillus subtilis , on rice seedlings under chilling stress using integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses, providing mechanistic insights relevant to plant stress biology and crop resilience. AMB successfully established root symbiosis and alleviated chilling-induced growth inhibition, increasing root and shoot length by 15–25% compared with non-inoculated plants. Physiological measurements showed lower malondialdehyde, higher antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoprotectant levels, ATP content, and photosynthetic performance in AMB plants. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that AMB redirected chilling responses from broad stress and defense related pathways toward structural maintenance, cell wall stabilization, and regulated cellular adjustment. Metabolomic profiling indicated enhanced accumulation of lipid- and membrane-associated metabolites and osmolytes. Integrated analyses demonstrated coordinated regulation of phenylpropanoid, α-linolenic acid, flavonoid, and proline biosynthesis, as well as abscisic acid signaling. These results suggest that AMB enhances rice chilling tolerance by stabilizing physiological homeostasis and modulating cold-responsive regulatory networks, providing a mechanistic framework for microbial strategies to improve rice resilience to low-temperature stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AMB successfully established root symbiosis in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- AMBe1
- Outcome
- root symbiosise1
- Direction
- successfully establishede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e1“AMB successfully established root symbiosis”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB increased root and shoot length of chilled rice by 15–25% compared with non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMBe2
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthe2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Value
- 15–25%e2
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e2“AMB successfully established root symbiosis and alleviated chilling-induced growth inhibition, increasing root and shoot length by 15–25% compared with non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB alleviated chilling-induced growth inhibition in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMBe2
- Outcome
- chilling-induced growth inhibitione2
- Direction
- alleviatede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e2“AMB successfully established root symbiosis and alleviated chilling-induced growth inhibition, increasing root and shoot length by 15–25% compared with non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB lowered malondialdehyde in chilled rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMBe3
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee3
- Direction
- lowere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e3“Physiological measurements showed lower malondialdehyde, higher antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoprotectant levels, ATP content, and photosynthetic performance in AMB plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB raised antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoprotectant levels and ATP content in chilled rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMBe3
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoprotectant levels, ATP contente3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e3“Physiological measurements showed lower malondialdehyde, higher antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoprotectant levels, ATP content, and photosynthetic performance in AMB plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB raised photosynthetic performance in chilled rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMBe3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic performancee3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e3“Physiological measurements showed lower malondialdehyde, higher antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoprotectant levels, ATP content, and photosynthetic performance in AMB plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB redirected transcriptomic chilling responses away from broad stress and defense pathways toward structural maintenance and cell wall stabilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMBe4
- Outcome
- chilling responsese4
- Direction
- redirectede4
- Comparator
- broad stress and defense related pathwayse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e4“AMB redirected chilling responses from broad stress and defense related pathways toward structural maintenance, cell wall stabilization, and regulated cellular adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB enhanced accumulation of lipid- and membrane-associated metabolites and osmolytes in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMBe2
- Outcome
- lipid- and membrane-associated metabolites and osmolytese5
- Direction
- enhanced accumulatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e2“AMB successfully established root symbiosis and alleviated chilling-induced growth inhibition, increasing root and shoot length by 15–25% compared with non-inoculated plants”
e5“Metabolomic profiling indicated enhanced accumulation of lipid- and membrane-associated metabolites and osmolytes”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB coordinately regulated phenylpropanoid, α-linolenic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMBe2
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid, α-linolenic acid, flavonoide6
- Direction
- coordinated regulatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e2“AMB successfully established root symbiosis and alleviated chilling-induced growth inhibition, increasing root and shoot length by 15–25% compared with non-inoculated plants”
e6“Integrated analyses demonstrated coordinated regulation of phenylpropanoid, α-linolenic acid, flavonoid, and proline biosynthesis, as well as abscisic acid signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB coordinately regulated proline biosynthesis and abscisic acid signaling in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMBe2
- Outcome
- proline biosynthesis, as well as abscisic acid signalinge6
- Direction
- coordinated regulatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice chilling tolerance”
e2“AMB successfully established root symbiosis and alleviated chilling-induced growth inhibition, increasing root and shoot length by 15–25% compared with non-inoculated plants”
e6“Integrated analyses demonstrated coordinated regulation of phenylpropanoid, α-linolenic acid, flavonoid, and proline biosynthesis, as well as abscisic acid signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
AMB enhances rice chilling tolerance by stabilizing physiological homeostasis and modulating cold-responsive regulatory networks.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- AMBe7
- Outcome
- chilling tolerancee7
- Qualifier
- stabilizing physiological homeostasis and modulating cold-responsive regulatory networkse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“These results suggest that AMB enhances rice chilling tolerance by stabilizing physiological homeostasis and modulating cold-responsive regulatory networks”
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