Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to improve plant stress tolerance by regulating proline accumulation, and nitric oxide (NO) plays an important signaling role in proline metabolism. Environmental nitrogen (N) affects AMF colonization and its contribution to host plants resistance to stress conditions. However, the relationship between proline metabolism and NO in mycorrhizal rice and the effect of N application on symbiont proline metabolism under low temperature have not been established. Pot culture experiments with different temperature, N and exogenous NO donor treatments were conducted with non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal rice. The results showed that AMF enhanced rice proline accumulation under low-temperature stress and decreased glutamate (Glu) and ornithine (Orn) concentrations significantly. In comparison with non-mycorrhizal rice, AMF colonization significantly decreased the Glu concentration, but had little effect on the Orn concentration under low-temperature stress, accompanied by increasing expression of OsP5CS2 , OsOAT and OsProDH1 . Exogenous application of NO increased proline concentration both under normal and low temperature, which exhibited a higher increase in mycorrhizal rice. NO also triggered the expression of key genes in the Glu and Orn pathways of proline synthesis as well as proline degradation. Higher N application decreased the AMF colonization, and AMF showed greater promotion of proline metabolism at low N levels under low temperature stress by regulating the Glu synthetic pathway. Meanwhile, AMF increased rice nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities and then enhanced NO accumulation under low N levels. Consequently, it could be hypothesized that one of the mechanisms by which AMF improves plant resistance to low-temperature stress is the accumulation of proline via enhancement of the Glu and Orn synthetic pathways, with the involvement of the signaling molecule NO. However, the contribution of AMF to rice proline accumulation under low-temperature stress was attenuated by high N application.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced proline accumulation in rice under low temperature.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF enhanced rice proline accumulation under low-temperature stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly decreased rice glutamate concentrations under low temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF colonizatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Glu concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF colonization significantly decreased the Glu concentration, but had little effect on the Orn concentration under low-temperature stress”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonization had little effect on rice ornithine concentration under low temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF colonizatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Orn concentratione0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF colonization significantly decreased the Glu concentration, but had little effect on the Orn concentration under low-temperature stress”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonization increased expression of three proline metabolism genes in rice under low temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- OsP5CS2 , OsOAT and OsProDH1e0
- Outcome
- expression of OsP5CS2 , OsOAT and OsProDH1e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under low-temperature stress, accompanied by increasing expression of OsP5CS2 , OsOAT and OsProDH1”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous NO increased rice proline under normal and low temperature, more in mycorrhizal rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of NOe0
- Outcome
- proline concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both under normal and low temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of NO increased proline concentration both under normal and low temperature, which exhibited a higher increase in mycorrhizal rice”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
NO triggered expression of rice genes in glutamate and ornithine proline synthesis and degradation pathways.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NOe0
- Outcome
- expression of key genese0
- Qualifier
- Glu and Orn pathways of proline synthesis as well as proline degradatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO also triggered the expression of key genes in the Glu and Orn pathways of proline synthesis as well as proline degradation”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen application decreased AMF colonization in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Higher N applicatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher N application decreased the AMF colonization”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At low nitrogen under low temperature, AMF promoted rice proline metabolism through the glutamate synthesis pathway.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- proline metabolisme0
- Qualifier
- at low N levels under low temperature stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF showed greater promotion of proline metabolism at low N levels under low temperature stress by regulating the Glu synthetic pathway”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased rice nitrate reductase and nitric oxide synthase activities at low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)e0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF increased rice nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities and then enhanced NO accumulation under low N levels”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced rice NO accumulation at low nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- NO accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF increased rice nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities and then enhanced NO accumulation under low N levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesize that AMF improves rice cold resistance through proline synthesis involving NO.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- resistance to low-temperature stresse0
- Qualifier
- accumulation of proline via enhancement of the Glu and Orn synthetic pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one of the mechanisms by which AMF improves plant resistance to low-temperature stress is the accumulation of proline via enhancement of the Glu and Orn synthetic pathways, with the involvement of the signaling molecule NO”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen attenuated AMF contribution to rice proline accumulation under low temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- high N applicatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- contribution of AMF to rice proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the contribution of AMF to rice proline accumulation under low-temperature stress was attenuated by high N application”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.