Abstract
Bacterial effectors are considered potent weapons deployed into plant cells to suppress host immunity. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae ( Psa), the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker, is a devastating pathogen posing a global threat to kiwifruit production. Although Psa delivers multiple effectors into plant cells, the molecular mechanisms governing effector-mediated susceptibility remain poorly understood. Here, we report that HopBB1-1 and HopBB1-2, the sole pair of homologous proteins in PsaM228, function redundantly in virulence. Whereas deletion of either effector individually did not affect bacterial pathogenicity, simultaneous deletion of both significantly reduced bacterial growth in planta. Both effectors can induce cell death and activate a series of immune response individually in Nicotiana benthamiana, and we further found that HopBB1-1 and HopBB1-2 both interacted with a plant protein, DNA damage repair and tolerance, DRT100, in both nonhost and host plants. Overexpression of AcDRT100 enhanced the kiwifruit resistance to Psa, underscoring its positive role in plant immunity and potential as a candidate gene for breeding resistant cultivars. Crucially, the virulence function of HopBB1-1/HopBB1-2 depends on AcDRT100, and NbDRT100 is required for HopBB1-1/HopBB1-2-induced cell death in N. benthamiana, indicating that DRT100 acts as a common target in both plants. Our findings uncover a sophisticated and precise effector-target module in Psa pathogenesis, revealing how redundant virulence functions are directed at a key regulator of host immunity, DRT100, which we identify as a promising candidate for developing disease-resistant varieties.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
HopBB1-1 and HopBB1-2 redundantly function in Psa virulence.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosae1 - Interactor
- PsaM228e0pathogen
- Gene
- HopBB1-1 and HopBB1-2e0
- Outcome
- function redundantly in virulencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HopBB1-1 and HopBB1-2, the sole pair of homologous proteins in PsaM228, function redundantly in virulence”
e1“the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Deletion of either effector alone did not affect pathogenicity.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Treatment
- deletion of either effector individuallye0
- Outcome
- bacterial pathogenicitye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deletion of either effector individually did not affect bacterial pathogenicity”
e1“the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Deletion of both effectors significantly reduced bacterial growth in planta.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Treatment
- simultaneous deletion of bothe0
- Outcome
- bacterial growth in plantae0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“simultaneous deletion of both significantly reduced bacterial growth in planta”
e1“the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Both effectors individually induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Gene
- Both effectorse0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both effectors can induce cell death and activate a series of immune response individually in Nicotiana benthamiana”
e1“the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Both effectors individually activated immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Gene
- Both effectorse0
- Outcome
- immune responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both effectors can induce cell death and activate a series of immune response individually in Nicotiana benthamiana”
e1“the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker”
Claim · model-written summary
HopBB1-1 and HopBB1-2 interacted with DRT100 in host and nonhost plants.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Gene
- DRT100e0
- Outcome
- interacted with a plant proteine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HopBB1-1 and HopBB1-2 both interacted with a plant protein, DNA damage repair and tolerance, DRT100, in both nonhost and host plants”
e1“the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker”
Claim · model-written summary
AcDRT100 overexpression enhanced kiwifruit resistance to Psa.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Treatment
- Overexpression of AcDRT100e0
- Interactor
- Psae0pathogen
- Gene
- AcDRT100e0
- Outcome
- kiwifruit resistance to Psae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of AcDRT100 enhanced the kiwifruit resistance to Psa”
e1“the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker”
Claim · model-written summary
HopBB1-1/HopBB1-2 virulence depends on AcDRT100.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Gene
- AcDRT100e0
- Outcome
- virulence function of HopBB1-1/HopBB1-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the virulence function of HopBB1-1/HopBB1-2 depends on AcDRT100”
e1“the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker”
Claim · model-written summary
NbDRT100 is required for effector-induced cell death in N. benthamiana.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Gene
- NbDRT100e0
- Outcome
- HopBB1-1/HopBB1-2-induced cell deathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NbDRT100 is required for HopBB1-1/HopBB1-2-induced cell death in N. benthamiana”
e1“the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker”
The same questions in other papers
pathogen product · disease · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
loss of function · disease · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.