Abstract
Abstract Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties, yet seed production in thermo-sensitive genic male sterility based hybrids is often limited by low seed set, poor grain filling, and suboptimal seed physiological quality. Improving the reproductive efficiency and metabolic performance of thermo-sensitive genic male sterility hybrids is therefore essential for reliable hybrid seed production. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of foliar-applied gibberellic acid (GA3; 100 and 200 ppm) and boron (0.5 and 1%) at the early heading stage (5–10%) on seed yield, metabolic activity, and seed quality traits in the TGMS hybrid PJRH56 (Pusa 1S × PRR158). Field experiments were conducted using a randomized block design with three replications. The combined treatment GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%) (T8) produced the most significant improvements across reproductive and seed quality parameters. T8 enhanced spikelet fertility (59.80%; a 119% increase over control), seed yield per plot (479.93 g; 73% increase), and 1000-seed weight (22.42 g). Key seed quality indicators, including seedling vigor indices (SVI-I: 3538.53; SVI-II: 10.58), α-amylase activity (5.48 µmol maltose/min), and seed boron content (12.29 µg/g), were also significantly elevated. These improvements reflect the synergistic role of GA3 and boron in enhancing pollination efficiency, boron translocation, grain filling, and metabolic up-regulation during seed development. Enhanced α-amylase activity and reserve utilization further strengthened seedling establishment. Overall, foliar application of GA3 (200 ppm) with boron (1%) at early heading offers a practical and effective strategy to enhance seed physiological efficiency, quality, and vigor in TGMS hybrid rice, supporting more reliable hybrid seed production under changing climatic conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Combined foliar GA3 (200 ppm) and boron (1%) produced the most significant improvements in reproductive and seed quality parameters of TGMS hybrid rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- PJRH56e2
- Treatment
- GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%)e1
- Outcome
- reproductive and seed quality parameterse1
- Direction
- improvementse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e1“The combined treatment GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%) (T8) produced the most significant improvements across reproductive and seed quality parameters”
e2“TGMS hybrid PJRH56 (Pusa 1S × PRR158)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 (200 ppm) + boron (1%) enhanced spikelet fertility to 59.80%, a 119% increase over control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%)e1
- Outcome
- spikelet fertilitye2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 59.80%e2
- Qualifier
- 119% increase over controle2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e1“The combined treatment GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%) (T8) produced the most significant improvements across reproductive and seed quality parameters”
e2“T8 enhanced spikelet fertility (59.80%; a 119% increase over control), seed yield per plot (479.93 g; 73% increase), and 1000-seed weight (22.42 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 (200 ppm) + boron (1%) enhanced seed yield per plot to 479.93 g, a 73% increase.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%)e1
- Outcome
- seed yield per plote2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 479.93 ge2
- Qualifier
- 73% increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e1“The combined treatment GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%) (T8) produced the most significant improvements across reproductive and seed quality parameters”
e2“T8 enhanced spikelet fertility (59.80%; a 119% increase over control), seed yield per plot (479.93 g; 73% increase), and 1000-seed weight (22.42 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 (200 ppm) + boron (1%) enhanced 1000-seed weight to 22.42 g.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%)e1
- Outcome
- 1000-seed weighte2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 22.42 ge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e1“The combined treatment GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%) (T8) produced the most significant improvements across reproductive and seed quality parameters”
e2“T8 enhanced spikelet fertility (59.80%; a 119% increase over control), seed yield per plot (479.93 g; 73% increase), and 1000-seed weight (22.42 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 (200 ppm) + boron (1%) significantly elevated seedling vigor index SVI-I (3538.53).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%)e1
- Outcome
- seedling vigor indicese3
- Direction
- elevatede3
- Value
- 3538.53e3
- Qualifier
- SVI-Ie3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e1“The combined treatment GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%) (T8) produced the most significant improvements across reproductive and seed quality parameters”
e3“Key seed quality indicators, including seedling vigor indices (SVI-I: 3538.53; SVI-II: 10.58), α-amylase activity (5.48 µmol maltose/min), and seed boron content (12.29 µg/g), were also significantly elevated”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 (200 ppm) + boron (1%) significantly elevated seedling vigor index SVI-II (10.58).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%)e1
- Outcome
- seedling vigor indicese3
- Direction
- elevatede3
- Value
- 10.58e3
- Qualifier
- SVI-IIe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e1“The combined treatment GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%) (T8) produced the most significant improvements across reproductive and seed quality parameters”
e3“Key seed quality indicators, including seedling vigor indices (SVI-I: 3538.53; SVI-II: 10.58), α-amylase activity (5.48 µmol maltose/min), and seed boron content (12.29 µg/g), were also significantly elevated”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 (200 ppm) + boron (1%) significantly elevated α-amylase activity to 5.48 µmol maltose/min.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%)e1
- Outcome
- α-amylase activitye3
- Direction
- elevatede3
- Value
- 5.48 µmol maltose/mine3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e1“The combined treatment GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%) (T8) produced the most significant improvements across reproductive and seed quality parameters”
e3“Key seed quality indicators, including seedling vigor indices (SVI-I: 3538.53; SVI-II: 10.58), α-amylase activity (5.48 µmol maltose/min), and seed boron content (12.29 µg/g), were also significantly elevated”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 (200 ppm) + boron (1%) significantly elevated seed boron content to 12.29 µg/g.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%)e1
- Outcome
- seed boron contente3
- Direction
- elevatede3
- Value
- 12.29 µg/ge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e1“The combined treatment GA3 (200 ppm) + B (1%) (T8) produced the most significant improvements across reproductive and seed quality parameters”
e3“Key seed quality indicators, including seedling vigor indices (SVI-I: 3538.53; SVI-II: 10.58), α-amylase activity (5.48 µmol maltose/min), and seed boron content (12.29 µg/g), were also significantly elevated”
Claim · model-written summary
The synergistic role of GA3 and boron enhances pollination efficiency, boron translocation, grain filling and metabolic up-regulation in rice seed development.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- grain fillinge4
- Qualifier
- synergistic role of GA3 and borone4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e4“These improvements reflect the synergistic role of GA3 and boron in enhancing pollination efficiency, boron translocation, grain filling, and metabolic up-regulation during seed development”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced α-amylase activity and reserve utilization further strengthen seedling establishment in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- seedling establishmente5
- Qualifier
- reserve utilizatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hybrid rice offers a substantial yield advantage over conventional varieties”
e5“Enhanced α-amylase activity and reserve utilization further strengthened seedling establishment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GA3 (200 ppm) with boron (1%) at early heading is recommended to enhance seed physiological efficiency, quality and vigor of TGMS hybrid rice.
Verbatim
e6“Overall, foliar application of GA3 (200 ppm) with boron (1%) at early heading offers a practical and effective strategy to enhance seed physiological efficiency, quality, and vigor in TGMS hybrid rice”
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