Abstract
ABSTRACT Intensive pesticide use drives antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in agriculture, yet the effects of specific practices remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the impact of dairy manure and agrochemicals (glyphosate, copper, streptomycin, and propiconazole) on the composition of culturable AMR bacteria (CARB), AMR genes (ARGs; n = 87), and the microbiome in a processing tomato field ( n = 64 experimental plots). Glyphosate-treated plots harbored the lowest levels of CARB, but the highest prevalence of ARGs (especially tetA , tetB , OXA-50, and OXA-58) in the tomato leaves ( P < 0.05). Manure-treated plots had the highest levels of CARB and ARGs in the soil and in tomato leaves (especially ACT-1, LAT, MIR, aadA1, and aphA6 ). The prevalence of multiple ARGs (IMP-12, ACT-1, DHA, MIR, MOX, OXA-58, OXA-60, ermB , oprj, and oprm ) was lower in streptomycin- or propiconazole-treated plots compared to non-treated plots. Shifts in the soil and leaf microbiome correlated with changes in ARG composition, particularly aminoglycoside-, fluoroquinolone-, and beta-lactamase-associated genes. These findings show that dairy manure, glyphosate, and propiconazole significantly alter the tomato field microbiome and ARG landscape, indicating that fungicide and herbicide applications may contribute to AMR development and dissemination similar to conventional antibacterial agents in agricultural ecosystems. IMPORTANCE Plant agricultural practices are commonly used by farmers to assure the yield and quality of crops; however, they are also associated with the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens. AMR is a critical concern in plant agriculture, as it can affect food safety, security, and sustainability. To combat this issue, it is critical to understand the impact of agricultural practices on AMR. Our study demonstrated that biological amendment (dairy manure) and pesticides (glyphosate, copper, streptomycin, and propiconazole) significantly exacerbated the AMR burden in the applied tomato field, which could increase the food safety risk of the fruit. Findings from this study will raise awareness among farmers, policymakers, and consumers, promote responsible and judicious use of antimicrobial agents in plant agriculture, and prioritize the development of sustainable practices to mitigate current and future AMR challenges.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate-treated plots had the lowest levels of culturable AMR bacteria.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Glyphosatee1
- Outcome
- levels of CARBe1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in a processing tomato field”
e1“Glyphosate-treated plots harbored the lowest levels of CARB, but the highest prevalence of ARGs (especially tetA , tetB , OXA-50, and OXA-58) in the tomato leaves ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate-treated plots had the highest prevalence of ARGs, including tetA, tetB, OXA-50 and OXA-58, in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- tomato leavese1
- Treatment
- Glyphosatee1
- Gene
- tetA , tetB , OXA-50, and OXA-58e1
- Outcome
- prevalence of ARGse1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in a processing tomato field”
e1“Glyphosate-treated plots harbored the lowest levels of CARB, but the highest prevalence of ARGs (especially tetA , tetB , OXA-50, and OXA-58) in the tomato leaves ( P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure-treated plots had the highest levels of culturable AMR bacteria and ARGs in soil and tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- tomato leavese3
- Treatment
- Manure-treatede3
- Gene
- ACT-1, LAT, MIR, aadA1, and aphA6e3
- Outcome
- levels of CARB and ARGse3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in a processing tomato field”
e3“Manure-treated plots had the highest levels of CARB and ARGs in the soil and in tomato leaves (especially ACT-1, LAT, MIR, aadA1, and aphA6)”
Claim · model-written summary
Streptomycin- or propiconazole-treated plots had lower prevalence of multiple ARGs than non-treated plots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- streptomycin- or propiconazole-treatede4
- Gene
- IMP-12, ACT-1, DHA, MIR, MOX, OXA-58, OXA-60, ermB, oprj, and oprme4
- Outcome
- prevalence of multiple ARGse4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- non-treated plotse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in a processing tomato field”
e4“The prevalence of multiple ARGs (IMP-12, ACT-1, DHA, MIR, MOX, OXA-58, OXA-60, ermB, oprj, and oprm) was lower in streptomycin- or propiconazole-treated plots compared to non-treated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Shifts in the soil and leaf microbiome correlated with changes in ARG composition, particularly aminoglycoside-, fluoroquinolone- and beta-lactamase-associated genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- aminoglycoside-, fluoroquinolone-, and beta-lactamase-associated genese5
- Outcome
- ARG compositione5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in a processing tomato field”
e5“Shifts in the soil and leaf microbiome correlated with changes in ARG composition, particularly aminoglycoside-, fluoroquinolone-, and beta-lactamase-associated genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Dairy manure significantly altered the tomato field microbiome and ARG landscape.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- dairy manuree6
- Outcome
- tomato field microbiome and ARG landscapee6
- Direction
- altere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in a processing tomato field”
e6“These findings show that dairy manure, glyphosate, and propiconazole significantly alter the tomato field microbiome and ARG landscape”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate significantly altered the tomato field microbiome and ARG landscape.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee6
- Outcome
- tomato field microbiome and ARG landscapee6
- Direction
- altere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in a processing tomato field”
e6“These findings show that dairy manure, glyphosate, and propiconazole significantly alter the tomato field microbiome and ARG landscape”
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole significantly altered the tomato field microbiome and ARG landscape.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- propiconazolee6
- Outcome
- tomato field microbiome and ARG landscapee6
- Direction
- altere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in a processing tomato field”
e6“These findings show that dairy manure, glyphosate, and propiconazole significantly alter the tomato field microbiome and ARG landscape”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide and herbicide applications may contribute to AMR development and dissemination in tomato fields.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- fungicide and herbicide applicationse7
- Outcome
- AMR development and disseminatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in a processing tomato field”
e7“fungicide and herbicide applications may contribute to AMR development and dissemination”
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See all 39 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.