Abstract
Biogenic carbon dots (CDs) are emerging as promising plant biostimulants, yet their effects during early crop establishment remain underexplored. Here, we synthesized and characterized Spirulina-derived CDs and evaluated their efficacy as seed nanopriming agents in rice (Oryza sativa L.). CDs exhibited nanoscale size, abundant surface functionalities, and a highly negative ζ-potential, indicative of stable aqueous dispersions. Spectroscopic characterization (Raman and FTIR) confirmed a graphitic–amorphous carbon structure. Near-infrared spectroscopy coupled to principal component analysis revealed time-dependent metabolic changes during imbibition, identifying 8–12 h as the optimal priming window. Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs (0.2 mg mL−1 for 12 h) increased the seed germination rate (25%), the germination speed index (17%), vigor index I (22%), and root length (37%) compared to hydropriming. Biochemically, the nanoprimed seedlings accumulated higher levels of starch (24%), total carbohydrates (8%), and total phenolics (20%), without evidence of oxidative imbalance, based on antioxidant capacity measurements and proteomic profiling. Proteomic analysis revealed coordinated metabolic reprogramming, characterized by increased abundance of proteins involved in translation, energy metabolism, and ion/nutrient homeostasis, alongside reduced abundance of proteins associated with defense and catabolic processes. This shift from stress-preparation to growth-oriented metabolism supports improved seedling establishment. Overall, Spirulina-derived CDs function as effective nanobiostimulants that promote early metabolic activation and resource mobilization, offering a sustainable strategy to enhance rice seedling establishment.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs increased the seed germination rate by 25% compared with hydropriming.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs (0.2 mg mL−1 for 12 h)e1
- Outcome
- seed germination ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 25%e1
- Comparator
- hydropriminge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs (0.2 mg mL−1 for 12 h) increased the seed germination rate (25%)”
e5“compared to hydropriming”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs increased the germination speed index by 17% compared with hydropriming.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs (0.2 mg mL−1 for 12 h)e1
- Outcome
- germination speed indexe2
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 17%e2
- Comparator
- hydropriminge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs (0.2 mg mL−1 for 12 h) increased the seed germination rate (25%)”
e2“the germination speed index (17%)”
e5“compared to hydropriming”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs increased vigor index I by 22% compared with hydropriming.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs (0.2 mg mL−1 for 12 h)e1
- Outcome
- vigor index Ie3
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 22%e3
- Comparator
- hydropriminge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs (0.2 mg mL−1 for 12 h) increased the seed germination rate (25%)”
e3“vigor index I (22%)”
e5“compared to hydropriming”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs increased root length by 37% compared with hydropriming.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote4
- Treatment
- Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs (0.2 mg mL−1 for 12 h)e1
- Outcome
- root lengthe4
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 37%e4
- Comparator
- hydropriminge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Nanopriming with Spirulina CDs (0.2 mg mL−1 for 12 h) increased the seed germination rate (25%)”
e4“root length (37%)”
e5“compared to hydropriming”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoprimed rice seedlings accumulated higher starch levels (24%).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e6“the nanoprimed seedlings accumulated higher levels of starch (24%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoprimed rice seedlings accumulated higher total carbohydrates (8%).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e6“the nanoprimed seedlings accumulated higher levels of starch (24%)”
e7“total carbohydrates (8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoprimed rice seedlings accumulated higher total phenolics (20%).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e6“the nanoprimed seedlings accumulated higher levels of starch (24%)”
e0“total phenolics (20%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoprimed rice seedlings showed no evidence of oxidative imbalance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- oxidative imbalancee0
- Direction
- without evidence ofe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“without evidence of oxidative imbalance”
Claim · model-written summary
Near-infrared spectroscopy with principal component analysis identified 8–12 h of imbibition as the optimal priming window for rice seeds.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- optimal priming windowe0
- Value
- 8–12 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“identifying 8–12 h as the optimal priming window”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoprimed seedlings showed increased abundance of proteins involved in translation, energy metabolism and ion/nutrient homeostasis.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- abundance of proteins involved in translation, energy metabolism, and ion/nutrient homeostasise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“increased abundance of proteins involved in translation, energy metabolism, and ion/nutrient homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoprimed seedlings showed reduced abundance of proteins associated with defense and catabolic processes.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- abundance of proteins associated with defense and catabolic processese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“reduced abundance of proteins associated with defense and catabolic processes”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina-derived CDs had nanoscale size, abundant surface functionalities and a highly negative ζ-potential.
- Outcome
- nanoscale size, abundant surface functionalities, and a highly negative ζ-potentiale0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“CDs exhibited nanoscale size, abundant surface functionalities, and a highly negative ζ-potential”
Claim · model-written summary
Raman and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed a graphitic–amorphous carbon structure of the CDs.
- Outcome
- graphitic–amorphous carbon structuree0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Spectroscopic characterization (Raman and FTIR) confirmed a graphitic–amorphous carbon structure”
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