Abstract
The phytohormones perform a vital role for the plant growth and development. A study was conducted at glasshouse of Universiti Putra Malaysia to evaluate the different phytohormones foliar application on the yield of MR219 rice. Five treatments, namely control (distilled water) and commercial products, epibrassinolide, spermine and pyroligneous acid with three times of foliar applications, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. Phytohormones were applied at 45 DAS (tillering and booting stages), 65 DAS (active tillering, booting stages) and 95 DAS (active tillering, booting and heading stages) during planting period. Application of different phytohormone produced the highest plant height, tillers hill-1, root length, root surface area, root volume, chlorophyll contents, leaf area, dry biomass, photosynthesis rate and stomata conductance compared to traditional practice in MR219 rice. The highest grain number (139 panicle-1), panicle (19 hill-1), grain weight (50.87 hill-1) and grain filling (95%) were increased by pyroligneous acid, commercial products, epibrassinolide and spermine, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in yield recorded by the number of foliar phytohormone sprays. A single spray after 45 DAS proved better and economical compared to others. Due to application of phytohormones, the additional cost was increased in commercial products, 4.6%, epibrassinolide, 889%, spermine 4.2% and pyroligneous acid 3.8% for three times application. Thus, in terms of cost benefit, spermine in a single spray proved economic and potential phytohormone for the rice yield improvement.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application gave the highest plant height, tillers per hill and root length compared with traditional practice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Material
- MR219e1
- Treatment
- Application of different phytohormonee1
- Outcome
- plant height, tillers hill-1, root lengthe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- traditional practicee1
- Setting
- glasshousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted at glasshouse of Universiti Putra Malaysia”
e1“Application of different phytohormone produced the highest plant height, tillers hill-1, root length, root surface area, root volume, chlorophyll contents, leaf area, dry biomass, photosynthesis rate and stomata conductance compared to traditional practice in MR219 rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application gave the highest root surface area, root volume and chlorophyll contents compared with traditional practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- MR219e1
- Treatment
- Application of different phytohormonee1
- Outcome
- root surface area, root volume, chlorophyll contentse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- traditional practicee1
- Setting
- glasshousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted at glasshouse of Universiti Putra Malaysia”
e1“Application of different phytohormone produced the highest plant height, tillers hill-1, root length, root surface area, root volume, chlorophyll contents, leaf area, dry biomass, photosynthesis rate and stomata conductance compared to traditional practice in MR219 rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application gave the highest leaf area and dry biomass compared with traditional practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- MR219e1
- Treatment
- Application of different phytohormonee1
- Outcome
- leaf area, dry biomasse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- traditional practicee1
- Setting
- glasshousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted at glasshouse of Universiti Putra Malaysia”
e1“Application of different phytohormone produced the highest plant height, tillers hill-1, root length, root surface area, root volume, chlorophyll contents, leaf area, dry biomass, photosynthesis rate and stomata conductance compared to traditional practice in MR219 rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormone application gave the highest photosynthesis rate and stomata conductance compared with traditional practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- MR219e1
- Treatment
- Application of different phytohormonee1
- Outcome
- photosynthesis rate and stomata conductancee1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- traditional practicee1
- Setting
- glasshousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A study was conducted at glasshouse of Universiti Putra Malaysia”
e1“Application of different phytohormone produced the highest plant height, tillers hill-1, root length, root surface area, root volume, chlorophyll contents, leaf area, dry biomass, photosynthesis rate and stomata conductance compared to traditional practice in MR219 rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroligneous acid gave the highest grain number (139 panicle-1).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pyroligneous acide2
- Outcome
- grain numbere2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 139 panicle-1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e2“The highest grain number (139 panicle-1), panicle (19 hill-1), grain weight (50.87 hill-1) and grain filling (95%) were increased by pyroligneous acid, commercial products, epibrassinolide and spermine, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial products gave the highest panicle number (19 hill-1).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- commercial productse2
- Outcome
- paniclee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 19 hill-1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e2“The highest grain number (139 panicle-1), panicle (19 hill-1), grain weight (50.87 hill-1) and grain filling (95%) were increased by pyroligneous acid, commercial products, epibrassinolide and spermine, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Epibrassinolide gave the highest grain weight (50.87 hill-1).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- epibrassinolidee2
- Outcome
- grain weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 50.87 hill-1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e2“The highest grain number (139 panicle-1), panicle (19 hill-1), grain weight (50.87 hill-1) and grain filling (95%) were increased by pyroligneous acid, commercial products, epibrassinolide and spermine, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine gave the highest grain filling (95%).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e2“The highest grain number (139 panicle-1), panicle (19 hill-1), grain weight (50.87 hill-1) and grain filling (95%) were increased by pyroligneous acid, commercial products, epibrassinolide and spermine, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of foliar phytohormone sprays made no significant difference to yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- number of foliar phytohormone sprayse3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- no significant differencee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e3“there was no significant difference in yield recorded by the number of foliar phytohormone sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
A single spray after 45 DAS is better and economical than other spray schedules.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- single spray after 45 DASe4
- Qualifier
- better and economicale4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e4“A single spray after 45 DAS proved better and economical compared to others”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine in a single spray is economic and a potential phytohormone for rice yield improvement.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae6
- Outcome
- spermine in a single spraye6
- Qualifier
- potential phytohormone for the rice yield improvemente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Thus, in terms of cost benefit, spermine in a single spray proved economic and potential phytohormone for the rice yield improvement”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial products increased the additional cost by 4.6% for three times application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- commercial productse5
- Outcome
- additional coste5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 4.6%e5
- Qualifier
- for three times applicatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e5“Due to application of phytohormones, the additional cost was increased in commercial products, 4.6%, epibrassinolide, 889%, spermine 4.2% and pyroligneous acid 3.8% for three times application”
Claim · model-written summary
Epibrassinolide increased the additional cost by 889% for three times application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- epibrassinolidee5
- Outcome
- additional coste5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 889%e5
- Qualifier
- for three times applicatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e5“Due to application of phytohormones, the additional cost was increased in commercial products, 4.6%, epibrassinolide, 889%, spermine 4.2% and pyroligneous acid 3.8% for three times application”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine increased the additional cost by 4.2% for three times application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sperminee5
- Outcome
- additional coste5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 4.2%e5
- Qualifier
- for three times applicatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e5“Due to application of phytohormones, the additional cost was increased in commercial products, 4.6%, epibrassinolide, 889%, spermine 4.2% and pyroligneous acid 3.8% for three times application”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroligneous acid increased the additional cost by 3.8% for three times application.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pyroligneous acide5
- Outcome
- additional coste5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 3.8%e5
- Qualifier
- for three times applicatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice yield improvement by foliar application of phytohormone”
e5“Due to application of phytohormones, the additional cost was increased in commercial products, 4.6%, epibrassinolide, 889%, spermine 4.2% and pyroligneous acid 3.8% for three times application”
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