Abstract
This study investigates on effects of four fungicide and six isolate from Trichoderma and Gliocladium on Botrytis cinerea agent grey mold of strawberry under library and greenhouse condition. The effect of four fungicides i.e. benomyl, dichlofluanid, captan and triadimenol on B. cinerea was studied in the laboratory condition by method mixed poison to culture medium. It was shown that the fungicide including benomyl, triadimenol, dichlofluanid and captan were able to inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea on PDA plate with EC50 of 0.16, 1.42, 3.40 and 7.73 ppm respectively. These fungicides delayed myceliogenic germination of sclerotia at 1000 ppm, while exhibiting no fungicidal effect. Moreover, the antagonistic effects of six fungi including Trichoderma koningii (T21), T. viride (T4), T. harzionum (T5), T. viride (T2), G. virens (G2), G. virens (G8) on B. cinerea were assessed. This assessment was done under library condition and its results as follows: The antagonistic mechanism occurred through branching at the end of B. cinerea hyphae, hyphal contact, coiling, vacuolization and lyses. Volatile metabolites of T. koningii (T21) and non-volatile metabolites of G. virens (G2 and G8) and T. koningii (T21) caused maximum inhibition of the fungal growth. Trichoderma spp and G. virens were able to colonize and sporulate on sclerotia and caused their lysis within 7-21 days. In greenhouse, a completely randomized design with 11 treatments (4 chemical and 6 biological and one untreated control) each replicated five times were used for the comparison. Greenhouse studies revealed that application of fungicides i.e. captan, dichlofluanid, triadimenol and benomyl reduces disease severity by 42, 45, 48 and 52% respectively. The fungal antagonists reduce the grey mold disease severity between 5-42%. All treatments caused a decline in post harvest disease, as the most effective treatment of chemical control was benomyl with 68.33% and for the biological treatment this was T. koningii (T21) with 56%.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Benomyl inhibited B. cinerea mycelial growth with EC50 0.16 ppm.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- benomyle0
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growth of B. cinereae0
- Direction
- inhibite0
- Value
- 0.16e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“benomyl, triadimenol, dichlofluanid and captan were able to inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea on PDA plate with EC50 of 0.16, 1.42, 3.40 and 7.73 ppm respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Triadimenol inhibited B. cinerea mycelial growth with EC50 1.42 ppm.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- triadimenole0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of B. cinereae0
- Direction
- inhibite0
- Value
- 1.42e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“benomyl, triadimenol, dichlofluanid and captan were able to inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea on PDA plate with EC50 of 0.16, 1.42, 3.40 and 7.73 ppm respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlofluanid inhibited B. cinerea mycelial growth with EC50 3.40 ppm.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- dichlofluanide0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of B. cinereae0
- Direction
- inhibite0
- Value
- 3.40e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“benomyl, triadimenol, dichlofluanid and captan were able to inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea on PDA plate with EC50 of 0.16, 1.42, 3.40 and 7.73 ppm respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan inhibited B. cinerea mycelial growth with EC50 7.73 ppm.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- captane0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of B. cinereae0
- Direction
- inhibite0
- Value
- 7.73 ppme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“benomyl, triadimenol, dichlofluanid and captan were able to inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea on PDA plate with EC50 of 0.16, 1.42, 3.40 and 7.73 ppm respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicides delayed sclerotial myceliogenic germination at 1000 ppm.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- These fungicidese0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Outcome
- myceliogenic germination of sclerotiae0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 1000 ppme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
t1“Botrytis cinerea”
e0“These fungicides delayed myceliogenic germination of sclerotia at 1000 ppm, while exhibiting no fungicidal effect.”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicides showed no fungicidal effect.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- These fungicidese0
- Outcome
- fungicidal effecte0
- Direction
- no fungicidal effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“These fungicides delayed myceliogenic germination of sclerotia at 1000 ppm, while exhibiting no fungicidal effect.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal antagonism involved branching, contact, coiling, vacuolization and lysis of B. cinerea hyphae.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- branching at the end of B. cinerea hyphae, hyphal contact, coiling, vacuolization and lysese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“The antagonistic mechanism occurred through branching at the end of B. cinerea hyphae, hyphal contact, coiling, vacuolization and lyses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile metabolites of T. koningii T21 caused maximum fungal growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Volatile metabolites of T. koningii (T21)e0
- Interactor
- T. koningii (T21)Trichoderma koningiie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition of the fungal growthe0
- Direction
- maximum inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“Volatile metabolites of T. koningii (T21) and non-volatile metabolites of G. virens (G2 and G8) and T. koningii (T21) caused maximum inhibition of the fungal growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonvolatile metabolites of G. virens G2 and G8 caused maximum fungal growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- non-volatile metabolites of G. virens (G2 and G8)e0
- Interactor
- G. virens (G2 and G8)Trichoderma virense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition of the fungal growthe0
- Direction
- maximum inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“non-volatile metabolites of G. virens (G2 and G8) and T. koningii (T21) caused maximum inhibition of the fungal growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonvolatile metabolites of T. koningii T21 caused maximum fungal growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- non-volatile metabolites of G. virens (G2 and G8) and T. koningii (T21)e0
- Outcome
- inhibition of the fungal growthe0
- Direction
- maximum inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“non-volatile metabolites of G. virens (G2 and G8) and T. koningii (T21) caused maximum inhibition of the fungal growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma spp colonized and sporulated on sclerotia, causing lysis within 7-21 days.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- colonize and sporulate on sclerotia and caused their lysise0
- Value
- 7-21 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“Trichoderma spp and G. virens were able to colonize and sporulate on sclerotia and caused their lysis within 7-21 days.”
Claim · model-written summary
G. virens colonized and sporulated on sclerotia, causing lysis within 7-21 days.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- G. virensTrichoderma virense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- colonize and sporulate on sclerotia and caused their lysise0
- Value
- 7-21 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“Trichoderma spp and G. virens were able to colonize and sporulate on sclerotia and caused their lysis within 7-21 days.”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan reduced greenhouse gray mould severity by 42%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- captane0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 42e0
- Setting
- Greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“Greenhouse studies revealed that application of fungicides i.e. captan, dichlofluanid, triadimenol and benomyl reduces disease severity by 42, 45, 48 and 52% respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlofluanid reduced greenhouse gray mould severity by 45%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- dichlofluanide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 45e0
- Setting
- Greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“Greenhouse studies revealed that application of fungicides i.e. captan, dichlofluanid, triadimenol and benomyl reduces disease severity by 42, 45, 48 and 52% respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Triadimenol reduced greenhouse gray mould severity by 48%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- triadimenole0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 48e0
- Setting
- Greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“Greenhouse studies revealed that application of fungicides i.e. captan, dichlofluanid, triadimenol and benomyl reduces disease severity by 42, 45, 48 and 52% respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Benomyl reduced greenhouse gray mould severity by 52%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- benomyle0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Setting
- Greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“Greenhouse studies revealed that application of fungicides i.e. captan, dichlofluanid, triadimenol and benomyl reduces disease severity by 42, 45, 48 and 52% respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal antagonists reduced greenhouse gray mould severity by 5-42%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- fungal antagonistse0
- Outcome
- grey mold disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 5-42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“The fungal antagonists reduce the grey mold disease severity between 5-42%.”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments reduced postharvest disease.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Outcome
- post harvest diseasee0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“All treatments caused a decline in post harvest disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Benomyl was the most effective chemical control for postharvest disease, at 68.33%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- benomyle0
- Outcome
- most effective treatment of chemical controle0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 68.33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“the most effective treatment of chemical control was benomyl with 68.33%”
Claim · model-written summary
T. koningii T21 was the most effective biological control for postharvest disease, at 56%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T. koningii (T21)e0
- Interactor
- T. koningii (T21)Trichoderma koningiie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biological treatmente0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“strawberry”
e0“for the biological treatment this was T. koningii (T21) with 56%”
The same questions in other papers
captan · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →triadimenol · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
metabolite · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
captan · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
benomyl · control · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
dichlofluanid · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
benomyl · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →dichlofluanid · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.