Abstract
SUMMARY In tunnel experiments, the efficacy of dicarboximide sprays in controlling grey mould of strawberries was greatly decreased by the presence of dicarboximide‐resistant forms of Botrytis cinerea. The use of dichlofluanid, as a tank‐mix or in an alternating programme, with a dicarboximide fungicide, procymidone, helped to maintain the efficacy of disease control but failed to prevent an increase in the proportion of dicarboximide‐resistant forms of the pathogen. Alternative ‘partner’ fungicides (thiram, chlorothalonil) delayed build‐up of resistance to dicarboximides. Build‐up of resistance was absent or relatively small in unsprayed plots. Application of dichlofluanid alone was always associated with a substantial increase in dicarboximide resistance, although less than in procymidone‐treated plots. Monitoring dicarboximide resistance in the tunnels during the winter, when no further sprays were applied, revealed a gradual decline in the proportion of dicarboximide‐resistant forms in all previously treated plots. In laboratory studies on inoculated leaf debris, dichlofluanid treatment induced the build‐up of dicarboximide‐resistant forms of B. cinerea. Leaf‐disc tests revealed cross‐resistance of dicarboximide‐resistant isolates towards dichlofluanid but not towards thiram or chlorothalonil. Dichlofluanid is widely used for control of B. cinerea and the implications of these results for the practical management of dicarboximide resistance in this pathogen are discussed.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant Botrytis greatly reduced dicarboximide control of strawberry grey mould.
- Taxon
- strawberries
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- efficacy of dicarboximide sprays in controlling grey moulde0
- Direction
- greatly decreasede0
- Setting
- tunnel experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In tunnel experiments, the efficacy of dicarboximide sprays in controlling grey mould of strawberries was greatly decreased by the presence of dicarboximide‐resistant forms of Botrytis cinerea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlofluanid paired with procymidone maintained disease control efficacy.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Treatment
- dichlofluanid, as a tank‐mix or in an alternating programme, with a dicarboximide fungicide, procymidonee0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- efficacy of disease controle0
- Direction
- maintaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of dichlofluanid, as a tank‐mix or in an alternating programme, with a dicarboximide fungicide, procymidone, helped to maintain the efficacy of disease control but failed to prevent an increase in the proportion of dicarboximide‐resistant forms of the pathogen.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlofluanid paired with procymidone failed to prevent increased dicarboximide resistance.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Treatment
- dichlofluanid, as a tank‐mix or in an alternating programme, with a dicarboximide fungicide, procymidonee0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- proportion of dicarboximide‐resistant forms of the pathogene0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of dichlofluanid, as a tank‐mix or in an alternating programme, with a dicarboximide fungicide, procymidone, helped to maintain the efficacy of disease control but failed to prevent an increase in the proportion of dicarboximide‐resistant forms of the pathogen.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiram delayed resistance buildup.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Treatment
- thirame0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- build‐up of resistance to dicarboximidese0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alternative ‘partner’ fungicides (thiram, chlorothalonil) delayed build‐up of resistance to dicarboximides.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil delayed resistance buildup.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Treatment
- chlorothalonile0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- build‐up of resistance to dicarboximidese0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alternative ‘partner’ fungicides (thiram, chlorothalonil) delayed build‐up of resistance to dicarboximides.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance buildup was absent or small in unsprayed plots.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- Build‐up of resistance was absent or relatively smalle0
- Setting
- unsprayed plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Build‐up of resistance was absent or relatively small in unsprayed plots.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlofluanid alone was associated with a substantial resistance increase, less than procymidone.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Treatment
- dichlofluanid alonee0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- dicarboximide resistancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- procymidone‐treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of dichlofluanid alone was always associated with a substantial increase in dicarboximide resistance, although less than in procymidone‐treated plots.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance proportions gradually declined during winter without additional sprays.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- proportion of dicarboximide‐resistant formse0
- Direction
- gradual declinee0
- Qualifier
- during the winter, when no further sprays were appliede0
- Setting
- tunnelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Monitoring dicarboximide resistance in the tunnels during the winter, when no further sprays were applied, revealed a gradual decline in the proportion of dicarboximide‐resistant forms in all previously treated plots.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Dichlofluanid induced resistance buildup on inoculated leaf debris in laboratory tests.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Treatment
- dichlofluanid treatmente0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- build‐up of dicarboximide‐resistant forms of B. cinereae0
- Direction
- build‐upe0
- Setting
- laboratory studiese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In laboratory studies on inoculated leaf debris, dichlofluanid treatment induced the build‐up of dicarboximide‐resistant forms of B. cinerea.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant isolates showed cross resistance to dichlofluanid.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- cross‐resistance of dicarboximide‐resistant isolates towards dichlofluanide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf‐disc tests revealed cross‐resistance of dicarboximide‐resistant isolates towards dichlofluanid but not towards thiram or chlorothalonil.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant isolates showed no cross resistance to thiram.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- not towards thirame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf‐disc tests revealed cross‐resistance of dicarboximide‐resistant isolates towards dichlofluanid but not towards thiram or chlorothalonil.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant isolates showed no cross resistance to chlorothalonil.
- Taxon
- strawberry plantsFragaria ×ananassae0t0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- not towards thiram or chlorothalonile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf‐disc tests revealed cross‐resistance of dicarboximide‐resistant isolates towards dichlofluanid but not towards thiram or chlorothalonil.”
t0“Effects of fungicide spray regimes on incidence of dicarboximide resistance in grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) on strawberry plants”
The same questions in other papers
thiram · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
procymidone · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
chlorothalonil · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
dichlofluanid · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.