Abstract
Organic agriculture is often claimed to produce safe, high-quality products. Whereas most studies have focused on pesticide residues and heavy metals, comparative data on nutritional and flavour are scarce, and the magnitude of any advantages remains controversial. This study compared the nutritional and flavour compositions of organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) apples from the Yungui Plateau. ORG apples exhibited high acidity and low sugar content, with a 36.6% reduction in their soluble solid-to-acid ratio. They also exhibited a marked decrease in potassium and copper levels, whereas their arsenic and chromium concentrations increased by 161% and 215%, respectively. No significant differences were observed for the remaining elements. In apple flavour compounds, ORG apples exhibited 1750% higher ether content; 126%–202% higher ester, phenol, alcohol, and acid contents; and 80% higher olefin and aldehyde contents than CON apples. Thirty-one compounds (odour activity value, [OAV] > 1) were involved in aroma formation in ORG apples and 28 compounds in CON apples. The OAV for fruity, botanical, and floral fragrances in ORG apples were 166%, 69.0%, and 69.0% higher than those of CON apples. In conclusion, organic cultivation significantly enhances the flavour and aroma of apples; however, there is no enhancement in nutritional quality.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had higher acidity than conventional apples.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Outcome
- aciditye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- conventional (CON) applese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ORG apples exhibited high acidity and low sugar content”
e1“conventional (CON) apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had lower sugar content.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- sugar contente0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Comparator
- conventional (CON) applese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ORG apples exhibited high acidity and low sugar content”
e1“conventional (CON) apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had a 36.6% lower soluble solid-to-acid ratio.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- soluble solid-to-acid ratioe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 36.6%e0
- Comparator
- conventional (CON) applese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ORG apples exhibited high acidity and low sugar content, with a 36.6% reduction in their soluble solid-to-acid ratio”
e1“conventional (CON) apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had decreased potassium levels.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- ORGe1
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- conventional (CON) applese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They also exhibited a marked decrease in potassium and copper levels”
e1“This study compared the nutritional and flavour compositions of organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) apples from the Yungui Plateau.”
e2“conventional (CON) apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had decreased copper levels.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- ORGe1
- Outcome
- copper levelse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- conventional (CON) applese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They also exhibited a marked decrease in potassium and copper levels”
e1“This study compared the nutritional and flavour compositions of organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) apples from the Yungui Plateau.”
e2“conventional (CON) apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had 161% higher arsenic concentration.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- ORGe1
- Outcome
- arsenice0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 161%e0
- Comparator
- conventional (CON) applese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their arsenic and chromium concentrations increased by 161% and 215%, respectively”
e1“This study compared the nutritional and flavour compositions of organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) apples from the Yungui Plateau.”
e2“conventional (CON) apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had 215% higher chromium concentration.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- ORGe1
- Outcome
- chromium concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 215%e0
- Comparator
- conventional (CON) applese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their arsenic and chromium concentrations increased by 161% and 215%, respectively”
e1“This study compared the nutritional and flavour compositions of organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) apples from the Yungui Plateau.”
e2“conventional (CON) apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Other measured elements did not differ significantly.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- ORGe1
- Outcome
- remaining elementse0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- conventional (CON) applese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences were observed for the remaining elements”
e1“This study compared the nutritional and flavour compositions of organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) apples from the Yungui Plateau.”
e2“conventional (CON) apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had 80% higher olefin and aldehyde contents.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- ORGe1
- Outcome
- olefin and aldehyde contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Comparator
- CON applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“80% higher olefin and aldehyde contents than CON apples”
e1“This study compared the nutritional and flavour compositions of organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) apples from the Yungui Plateau.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty-one aroma compounds had OAV above one in organic apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- compounds (odour activity value, [OAV] > 1)e0
- Value
- Thirty-onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thirty-one compounds (odour activity value, [OAV] > 1) were involved in aroma formation in ORG apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-eight aroma compounds were found in conventional apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- compoundse0
- Value
- 28e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“28 compounds in CON apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had 166% higher fruity fragrance OAV.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- fruitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 166%e0
- Comparator
- CON applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OAV for fruity, botanical, and floral fragrances in ORG apples were 166%, 69.0%, and 69.0% higher than those of CON apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had 69.0% higher botanical fragrance OAV.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- botanicale0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 69.0%e0
- Comparator
- CON applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OAV for fruity, botanical, and floral fragrances in ORG apples were 166%, 69.0%, and 69.0% higher than those of CON apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples had 69.0% higher floral fragrance OAV.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- florale0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 69.0%e0
- Comparator
- CON applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OAV for fruity, botanical, and floral fragrances in ORG apples were 166%, 69.0%, and 69.0% higher than those of CON apples”
The same questions in other papers
cultivation system · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
cultivation system · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.