Abstract
Salinity stress severely limits citrus growth by impairing root development and physiological functions. Therefore, understanding of the mechanisms underlying root system architecture (RSA) adaptation in orange seedlings is crucial for enhancing their resilience to salinity in subtropical regions. The research was conducted to unravel the role of salinity, together with foliar spraying of chitosan/selenium nanoparticles (CS/Se NPs), on nutrient uptake and RSA in Citrus sinensis is examined. Valencia orange seedlings received foliar spraying treatments of distilled water (control), chitosan (CS), selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs), and a CS/Se NPs composite at two levels (10 and 20 mg L − 1 ). Following treatment, seedlings were exposed to three salinity regimes: non-saline or control (0 mM NaCl), moderate (50 mM NaCl), and intense (100 mM NaCl). Exposure to intense salinity markedly increased sodium (Na) accumulation while reducing potassium (K), the K/Na ratio, calcium (Ca), the Ca/Na ratio, and magnesium (Mg) levels in roots. Additionally, salinity stress negatively affected RSA traits, including total root length, root surface area, and lateral root formation, relative to non-saline conditions. In contrast, treated seedlings with CS, Se NPs, and the CS/Se NPs composite demonstrated lower Na concentrations, enhanced nutrient accumulation, and improved RSA parameters. Remarkably, foliar spraying of CS/Se NPs at 10 mg L − 1 was the most effective under intense salinity stress, significantly reducing Na accumulation and enhancing K, K/Na, Ca, Ca/Na, and Mg content in roots, while also promoting total root length, root volume, root surface area, lateral root number, root perimeter, and maximum root count per plant compared to controls. This study demonstrates that CS/Se NPs, with the 10 mg L − 1 dose being particularly effective, hold potential as a foliar application to mitigate salinity stress, thereby contributing to better crop performance in harsh growing conditions.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Intense salinity increased root sodium.
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to intense salinity markedly increased sodium (Na) accumulation”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Intense salinity reduced root K, K/Na, Ca, Ca/Na, and Mg.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- potassium (K), the K/Na ratio, calcium (Ca), the Ca/Na ratio, and magnesium (Mg) levelse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while reducing potassium (K), the K/Na ratio, calcium (Ca), the Ca/Na ratio, and magnesium (Mg) levels in roots.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced total root length, surface area and lateral root formation.
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- total root length, root surface area, and lateral root formatione0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
- Comparator
- non-saline conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress negatively affected RSA traits, including total root length, root surface area, and lateral root formation, relative to non-saline conditions.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
CS treated seedlings had lower sodium, higher nutrients and improved root architecture.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treated seedlings with CS, Se NPs, and the CS/Se NPs composite demonstrated lower Na concentrations, enhanced nutrient accumulation, and improved RSA parameters.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Se NPs treated seedlings had lower sodium.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treated seedlings with CS, Se NPs, and the CS/Se NPs composite demonstrated lower Na concentrations, enhanced nutrient accumulation, and improved RSA parameters.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
CS/Se NPs treated seedlings had lower sodium.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treated seedlings with CS, Se NPs, and the CS/Se NPs composite demonstrated lower Na concentrations, enhanced nutrient accumulation, and improved RSA parameters.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 mg L − 1 CS/Se NPs reduced sodium under intense salinity.
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of CS/Se NPs at 10 mg L − 1e0
- Outcome
- Na accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- intense salinity stresse0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying of CS/Se NPs at 10 mg L − 1 was the most effective under intense salinity stress, significantly reducing Na accumulation and enhancing K, K/Na, Ca, Ca/Na, and Mg content in roots, while also promoting total root length, root volume, root surface area, lateral root number, root perimeter, and maximum root count per plant compared to controls.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 mg L − 1 CS/Se NPs enhanced root nutrient content under intense salinity.
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of CS/Se NPs at 10 mg L − 1e0
- Outcome
- K, K/Na, Ca, Ca/Na, and Mg contente0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying of CS/Se NPs at 10 mg L − 1 was the most effective under intense salinity stress, significantly reducing Na accumulation and enhancing K, K/Na, Ca, Ca/Na, and Mg content in roots, while also promoting total root length, root volume, root surface area, lateral root number, root perimeter, and maximum root count per plant compared to controls.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 mg L − 1 CS/Se NPs promoted multiple root architecture traits.
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of CS/Se NPs at 10 mg L − 1e0
- Outcome
- total root length, root volume, root surface areae0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying of CS/Se NPs at 10 mg L − 1 was the most effective under intense salinity stress, significantly reducing Na accumulation and enhancing K, K/Na, Ca, Ca/Na, and Mg content in roots, while also promoting total root length, root volume, root surface area, lateral root number, root perimeter, and maximum root count per plant compared to controls.”
t0“citrus”
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