Abstract
Heavy metal pollution, particularly from chromium (Cr), poses a significant threat to plant development and soil health. This study evaluated the efficacy of the rhizospheric fungus strain Cladosporium tenuissimum , isolated from the rhizosphere of Cannabis sativa , in enhancing the early growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress. The strain Cladosporium tenuissimum demonstrated tolerance through substantial biomass retention in Czapek-Dox medium at chromium concentrations between 30 and 90 mg/L, mitigated the decrease in carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments, enhanced protein and sugar levels, and significantly promoted root and shoot growth in wheat under chromium stress. Additionally, fungal therapy reduced proline accumulation and restored indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels, indicating improved hormonal balance and reduced stress levels. Furthermore, Cladosporium tenuissimum ( C. tenuissimum ) maintained membrane integrity and regulated excess flavonoids by reducing electrolyte leakage. Under chromium stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were elevated; however, fungal inoculation moderated these activities to some extent. These findings indicate that C. tenuissimum may serve as a bioprotective agent, enhancing plant tolerance and mitigating Cr toxicity by regulating metabolic processes, physiological responses, and antioxidant activity.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
C. tenuissimum retained substantial biomass in Czapek-Dox medium at chromium concentrations of 30 to 90 mg/L.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- chromium concentrations between 30 and 90 mg/Le4
- Interactor
- Cladosporium tenuissimumCladosporium tenuissimume3symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass retentione4
- Direction
- substantiale4
- Setting
- Czapek-Dox mediume4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e3“the efficacy of the rhizospheric fungus strain Cladosporium tenuissimum”
e4“The strain Cladosporium tenuissimum demonstrated tolerance through substantial biomass retention in Czapek-Dox medium at chromium concentrations between 30 and 90 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
C. tenuissimum mitigated the decrease in carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments in wheat under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- chromium stresse6
- Interactor
- Cladosporium tenuissimumCladosporium tenuissimume3symbiont
- Outcome
- decrease in carotenoid and chlorophyll pigmentse5
- Direction
- mitigatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e3“the efficacy of the rhizospheric fungus strain Cladosporium tenuissimum”
e5“mitigated the decrease in carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments”
e6“significantly promoted root and shoot growth in wheat under chromium stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C. tenuissimum enhanced protein and sugar levels in wheat under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- chromium stresse6
- Outcome
- protein and sugar levelse7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e6“significantly promoted root and shoot growth in wheat under chromium stress”
e7“enhanced protein and sugar levels”
Claim · model-written summary
C. tenuissimum significantly promoted root and shoot growth in wheat under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- chromium stresse6
- Outcome
- root and shoot growthe6
- Direction
- promotede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e6“significantly promoted root and shoot growth in wheat under chromium stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal therapy reduced proline accumulation in wheat under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- fungal therapye4
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e4“fungal therapy reduced proline accumulation and restored indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal therapy restored indole-3-acetic acid levels in wheat under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- fungal therapye4
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levelse4
- Direction
- restorede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e4“fungal therapy reduced proline accumulation and restored indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels”
Claim · model-written summary
C. tenuissimum maintained membrane integrity in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Interactor
- Cladosporium tenuissimumCladosporium tenuissimume3symbiont
- Outcome
- membrane integritye3
- Direction
- maintainede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e3“Cladosporium tenuissimum ( C. tenuissimum ) maintained membrane integrity and regulated excess flavonoids by reducing electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
C. tenuissimum regulated excess flavonoids in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Interactor
- Cladosporium tenuissimumCladosporium tenuissimume3symbiont
- Outcome
- excess flavonoidse3
- Direction
- regulatede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e3“Cladosporium tenuissimum ( C. tenuissimum ) maintained membrane integrity and regulated excess flavonoids by reducing electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
C. tenuissimum reduced electrolyte leakage in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Interactor
- Cladosporium tenuissimumCladosporium tenuissimume3symbiont
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee3
- Direction
- reducinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e3“Cladosporium tenuissimum ( C. tenuissimum ) maintained membrane integrity and regulated excess flavonoids by reducing electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress elevated antioxidant enzyme activities in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- chromium stresse5
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese5
- Direction
- elevatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e5“Under chromium stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were elevated”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal inoculation moderated antioxidant enzyme activities to some extent under chromium stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- fungal inoculatione6
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese5
- Direction
- moderatede6
- Qualifier
- to some extente6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“growth and physiological resilience of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) under chromium-induced stress”
e5“Under chromium stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were elevated”
e6“fungal inoculation moderated these activities to some extent”
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See all 47 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.