Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of molybdenum (Mo) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.) growth parameters, soil enzyme activities, AMF colonization, and spore densities under saline and non-saline soil conditions. The experiment included a control treatment along with three Mo doses (0%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) in both saline and non-saline soils. Additionally, AMF species from the Glomus genus (G. intraradices, G. constrictum, and G. microcarpum) were applied. The results showed that co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMF increased plant growth parameters, including plant height (65.91%), stomatal conductanc (67.01%), SPAD value (18.45%), root lengt (48.67%), root fresh weight (2.58%), and root dry weight (22.15%) (p < 0.01). Soil biochemical parameters, such as catalase (CAT:85.17%), urease (53.19%), and dehydrogenase (DHG:56.21%) activities, were also increased at 0.6% Mo + AMF application (p < 0.01). The application of 0.6% Mo + AMF resulted in significant improvements (p < 0.01) in soil and root mycorrhizal traits, particularly spore density (spores/g soil; 84.85%) and root mycorrhizal colonization intensity (M%; 27.63%). Overall, Mo + AMF applications substantially affected both plant and soil parameters. Among the treatments, 0.6% Mo + AMF showed the greatest synergistic effects, enhancing mycorrhizal colonization, enzyme activities, spore production, and overall plant growth. This studydoes not involveany human participants and is therefore not a clinicaltrial.Trial registration.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of 0.6% Mo and AMF increased soybean plant height by 65.91% (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65.91%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMF increased plant growth parameters”
e1“plant height (65.91%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of 0.6% Mo and AMF increased soybean stomatal conductance by 67.01% (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 67.01%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMF increased plant growth parameters”
e1“stomatal conductanc (67.01%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of 0.6% Mo and AMF increased soybean SPAD value by 18.45% (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- SPAD valuee1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.45%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMF increased plant growth parameters”
e1“SPAD value (18.45%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of 0.6% Mo and AMF increased soybean root length by 48.67% (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root lengte1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 48.67%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMF increased plant growth parameters”
e1“root lengt (48.67%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of 0.6% Mo and AMF increased soybean root fresh weight by 2.58% (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.58%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMF increased plant growth parameters”
e1“root fresh weight (2.58%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of 0.6% Mo and AMF increased soybean root dry weight by 22.15% (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.15%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“co-application of Mo (0.6%) and AMF increased plant growth parameters”
e1“root dry weight (22.15%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil catalase activity increased by 85.17% at 0.6% Mo + AMF (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 0.6% Mo + AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- catalasee1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 85.17%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“were also increased at 0.6% Mo + AMF application (p < 0.01)”
e1“catalase (CAT:85.17%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil urease activity increased by 53.19% at 0.6% Mo + AMF (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 0.6% Mo + AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- ureasee1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 53.19%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“were also increased at 0.6% Mo + AMF application (p < 0.01)”
e1“urease (53.19%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil dehydrogenase activity increased by 56.21% at 0.6% Mo + AMF (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 0.6% Mo + AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 56.21%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“were also increased at 0.6% Mo + AMF application (p < 0.01)”
e1“dehydrogenase (DHG:56.21%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil spore density improved by 84.85% with 0.6% Mo + AMF (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 0.6% Mo + AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- spore densitye1
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 84.85%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The application of 0.6% Mo + AMF resulted in significant improvements (p < 0.01)”
e1“spore density (spores/g soil; 84.85%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root mycorrhizal colonization intensity improved by 27.63% with 0.6% Mo + AMF (p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 0.6% Mo + AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root mycorrhizal colonization intensitye1
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 27.63%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The application of 0.6% Mo + AMF resulted in significant improvements (p < 0.01)”
e1“root mycorrhizal colonization intensity (M%; 27.63%)”
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